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Cell Size
Why not just one large cell?
Difficult to get nutrients in and
waste out

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Phases of The Cell Cycle

G1,S, and G2
are known
together as
Interphase.

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4 Regular Cells

Somatic cell cycle Sex cells

are
Interphase cell grows, copies itscalled
DNA and prepares for Mitosis bygametes
copying organelles
M phase- Cell division (Mitosis and
cytokinesis)

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Interphase
Chromosomes
Condense
Chromosomes are
inherited genetic
information
Chromosomes are
made up of DNA
Can only be seen
when cells are
dividing
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Interphase
Chromosomes
replicate-or copy is
made
The two copies are
-attached together
at a point called a
centromere.
-are called sister
chromatid.
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Interphase
Organelles must be
replicated (copied)

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 M Phase
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Two parts:
1.Nuclear division
Mitosis
2.Cytoplasmic Division
Cytokinesis 10
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 Mitosis
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Nuclear Division.
Nucleus divides into two new nuclei Mitosis
keeps the number of chromosomes constant
from one cell generation to the next.
In eukaryotes, it is the main process by
which growth and tissue repair is
accomplished.
Mitosis is also the main process by which
single-celled and many multi-celled
eukaryotes reproduce asexually.
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4 Steps of Mitosis (PMAT)
Prophase: Chromosomes condense and attach to
the spindle fibers at their centromere.
Nuclear
Membrane
breaks down.

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Steps of Mitosis (PMAT)
Prophase: Centrioles move to opposite sides of
the cell and organize the spindle fibers

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Metaphase:
Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
and line up in the middle of the cell

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Anaphase: Chromosomes separate-

Move to opposite sides of the cell

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Telophase There
are now
Nuclear Envelope reforms
TWO
nuclei in
one cell!

And they
contain the
SAME
genetic
information*
SAME
NUMBER OF
CHROMOSOME
S
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Cytokinesis
Cytoplasmic division
Each cell gets half of the
organelles.
After mitosis: cell pinches
in half to form two new
cells.
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Cytokinesis
Animal cells pinch.
Cytokinesis in
plant cells is
different from
that in animal
cells.

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In plant cells a cell plate forms from
the inside out.

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Results of Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Two new cells.
The new cells- called daughter
cells- have the same number of
chromosomes as the mother cell.
This occurs in all somatic cells in
your body.
You have 46 chromosomes in all of
your somatic cells-23 pair!
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Mitosis in Onion

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Cells
during
Mitosis

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Me
ios i
s

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Reproduction of Sex
Cells
Sex cells- Sperm and egg
Process is called Meiosis
Similar to Mitosis

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Meiosis
Cell divides twice
First division is like
mitosis and then the cell
divides again to create 4
haploid cells.

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MEIOSIS=CHROMOSOME REDUCTION DIVISION

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Meiosis
Meiosis is also know as chromosome
reduction division.
Start with 46 and ends up with 23.
Why?
Fertilization creates the diploid
condition again
Haploid
Diploid

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Sperm formation-
formation 4 haploid sperm
cells are formed.

Egg formation-most
formation of the
cytoplasm is used in one cell and the
other three disintegrate. One
haploid egg cell is formed.
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Meiosis
Video Clip

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Crossing Over
Sometime during
meiosis the
chromosomes
can exchange
information
This is called
Crossing Over
Major source of
genetic diversity
in the species
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Prokaryotic Cells
Binary fission
Occurs in Prokaryotic
Cells
DNA is copied and
then the cell splits in
half.

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Regulation of the Cell Cycle

How do cells know when to divide? When
to stop dividing?
Cyclins-proteins that regulate the cell cycle
When cells grow and then come into
contact with each other they should stop
growing.

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Cancer
Unregulated cell
growth.
Can form masses of
cells called tumors.
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