SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

Final Sem seminar

BY, Akhilesh
Introduction
Features offered by satellite communications
large areas of the earth are visible from the satellite,
thus the satellite can form the star point of a
communications net linking together many users
simultaneously, users who may be widely separated
geographically
Provide communications links to remote communities
Remote sensing detection of pollution, weather
conditions, search and rescue operations.
Satellite Coverage Maps
 FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS

International Telecommunication Union

(ITU) coordination and planning
World divided into three regions:
Region 1: Europe, Africa, formerly Soviet
Union, Mongolia
Region 2: North and South America,
Greenland
Region 3: Asia (excluding region 1),
Australia, south west Pacific
 Within regions, frequency bands are allocated to various
satellite services:
Fixed satellite service (FSS)
Telephone networks, television signals to cable
Broadcasting satellite service (BSS)
Direct broadcast to home Astro is a subscription-
based direct broadcast satellite (DBS) or direct-to-
home satellite television services
Mobile satellite service
Land mobile, aeronautical mobile
Navigational satellite service
Global positioning system
Meteorological satellite service
 SPUTNIK - I

The first artificial

satellite
October 4, 1957
LEO
frequencies
20.005 MHz

40.002MHz.
 SCORE

First voice communication established via

satellite (US)
1958
LEO
35 days in orbit
Christmas greeting to the world from U.S.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower
 ECHO I

First passive
communication
satellite launched
into space

1960
 TELSTAR I

First non-
government
active
communicatio
n satellite
launched
1962
MEO
 INTELSAT I

1964: International
Telecomm. Satellite
Organization
(INTELSAT) created.

1965: First
communications
satellite launched into
geostationary orbit for
commercial use
 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Satellite is a physical
object that orbits a
celestial body.

Communication
satellite containing
electronics equipment
acts as a repeater or
relay station between
two earth station.
Transponder is the basic component of a
communication satellite.
 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

Satellites are located by

earth coordinates
expressed in terms of
latitude and longitude.

The two angles used to

point a ground station
antennas are azimuth and
elevation
The angles
main power .
supplies of a satellite are Solar
Panels.

During eclipse, the satellite is powered by

Batteries.
The main used of satellite is for communications,

Consumers uses satellite for TV reception.

 WHY DO SATELLITES STAY MOVING AND IN
ORBIT?

F2
F1

F1 - gravitational force

F2 - centripetal force

Geocenter - the center of gravity of the

earth
 SATELLITE ORBIT
Satellite orbits the earth from the height of 100 to
22,300 miles and travel at speeds of 6,800 to
17,500 MPH.
 GEOSTATIONARY
SATELLITE

A satellite that orbits

directly over the equator
22,300 miles from earth.
SYNCOM1 in February 1963:
(comms. failed).

SYNCOM2 in February
1963
SYNCOM3 in August 1964
At the Geostationary orbit the
satellite covers 42.2% of the
earths surface.
 SATELLITE ORBIT

Perigee Apogee

Circular orbit Elliptical orbit

 ORBITS

LEO: GE
500 to 1,500 km O
Low Earth Orbit.

LE
MEO: O
8,000 km - 18,000 km
Medium Earth Orbit MEO

GEO:
35,863 km
Geostationary Earth
Orbit
 LUNCHING SATELLITES
Many satellites are put in orbit by launching them
from NASAs space shuttle.
HOW DOES A SATELLITE WORK?

One Earth Station

sends a transmission
to the satellite. This
is called a Uplink.

The satellite
Transponder
converts the signal
and sends it down to
the second earth
station. This is
called a Downlink.
Advantages & Disadvantages Of
Satellites Communication

Advantages:

The coverage area of a satellite greatly

exceeds that of a terrestrial system.
Transmission cost of a satellite is
independent of the distance from the
center of the coverage area.
Satellite to Satellite communication is
very precise.
Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
Disadvantages:

Launching satellites into orbit is costly.

Satellite bandwidth is gradually
becoming used up.
There is a larger propagation delay in
satellite communication than in
terrestrial communication.

THANK YOU ..