SUBSTATION AUTOMATION

CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

SCADA ADAPTATION

INTRODUCTION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission,
and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from
high to low, or vice-versa.

Classification of substations:
According to service requirement
Transformer S/S
Switching S/S
Power factor correction S/S
Frequency changer S/S
Converting S/S
Industrial S/S

According to constructional features

Outdoor S/S
Indoor S/S
Underground S/S
According to nature of duties
Step up or Primary S/S
Step up and Step down or Secondary S/S
Step down or Distribution S/S
According to operating voltage
HV
EHV
UHV

DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION

Components used in a distribution substation:

Power transformers
Instrument transformers (CT, PT, CVT)
Bus bars
Isolators
Relays
Circuit Breakers
Lightning Arresters
Battery Chargers
Capacitor Banks
Earthing equipments
Control and Relay panels
PLCs or RTU
Multi function meters

POWER TRANSFORMERS

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

ISOLATORS

EARTHING

CONTROL AND RELAY PANEL

CAPACITOR BANKS

MULTIFUNCTION METERS
The MFM is an IED that can calculate values once the inputs from the
secondary of the CTs and PTs have been given. Each MFM is dedicated to
a particular panel, be it, outgoing or incoming. The MFM calculates and
displays values on a hand held programming and display unit. These
values depend on the programmed primary value corresponding to the CT
and PT ratio, pertaining to that feeder.
There is a communication port available for each MFM. A maximum of 32
MFMS can be connected to one single cable.

BATTERY CHARGER

LIGHTNING ARRESTERS

SCADA ADAPTATION
SCADA in distribution system is used for Distribution
Automation, DMS, OMS i.e. Distribution Management System
and Outage Management respectively. This has been implemented
by a lot of distribution utilities across the world to achieve better
monitoring and control and to improve power quality, reliability &
customer satisfaction.
The goal of Advanced Distribution Automation is real-time
adjustment to changing loads, generation, and failure conditions of
the distribution system, usually without operator intervention.

BENEFITS OF SCADA:

Visibility for the network operation.

Real-time, accurate and consistent information of the system.

Flexibility of operational controls.

Faster fault identification, Isolation & system restoration.

Extensive reporting & statistical data archiving.

Central database and history of all system parameters.

Improve availability of system, Optimized Load Shedding.

SCADA RTU PANEL

The RTU or the Remote Terminal Unit is one of the components that
comprise the SCADA system. It gathers information that is present in the
field or substation and sends it to the Master Control Center (MCC).
Similarly, it executes the command that come from the MCC.
RTU panels are divided into three parts one is RTU panel, 2nd is MFM
panel and 3rd is marshalling panel. Housing a stack of racks with
electronic cards is called the RTU Panel. Housing of only the MFMS or
Multifunction Meters, called the MFM panel. The marshalling panel is a
junction which provides the connections of field signals to RTU .
RTU panel consists of basic racks and extension racks

The Basic rack or the Communication Rack houses the brain of the RTU. It
consists of nine slots. Into these slots are inserted a set of Cards. The
Cards are the CPUs of the RTU. They help in coordinating the flow of
data from and into the RTU.
These CPUs are basically of two types.
1. SLI (Serial Line Interface) Cards
2. ETH (Ethernet) Cards
SLI CARD

The SLI Card acts as an interface between the RTU and the IEDs
(Intelligent Electronic Devices) like protection relays, multifunction
meters and battery chargers.
SLI continually reads data from the IEDs. These IEDs could either be
Numerical Relays mounted on the CR Panel or an MFM placed on the
MFM panel of the RTU. It is generally placed in a slot of the Basic Rack.
The SLI card has got a provision for communicating with the IEDs.
ETHERNET CARD

The ETH card controls the process events and communications with the
Control Centers. It continually reads the data from the Extension Racks,
the SLI cards and sends it to the control center. The ETH card has a port
through which it communicates to the Master control center.

The ETH and the SLI cards communicate with each other through a
dedicated communication channel present on the back plane of the Basic
Rack.

EXTENSION RACKS:
The Extension rack is a place, where Input/output Modules are placed. The
extension rack communicates only with the ETH card of the Basic Rack.
In cases where there is more than one extension rack, each communication
port of the extension rack is looped with the one succeeding it.
The function of the Input Modules is to send the status of the equipment
present in the grid station to the MCC. Where as the function of the output
modules is to control the status of the equipment from the MCC. Thus, we
see that the flow of data, in the case of input modules, is from RTU to
MCC and from MCC to RTU in the case of Output modules.
The different I/O modules used are
DI cards

AI cards

DO cards

SCADA APPLICATIONS
Following are the main applications commonly used.

Network Connectivity Analysis (NCA)

State Estimation (SE)

Load Flow Application (LFA)

Voltage VAR control (VVC)

Load Shed Application (LSA)

Fault Management and System Restoration (FMSR)

Loss Minimization via Feeder Reconfiguration (LMFR)

Load Balancing via Feeder Reconfiguration (LBFR)

Operation Monitor (OM)

Distribution Load forecasting (DLF)