m



 

 m
   


„ Lightning over „ Switching over

voltage voltage
„ Sudden change in
„ Due to lightning circuit condition
surges „ Switching
„ Resonance
„ Arcing grounds
›
  





 

lightning Discharge of clouds and
breakdown of air
switching Breaking inductive circuit
rises the potential across
capacitor
Switching on capacitive line
Arcing ground The capacitance line to
ground gets discharged
through earth fault
Resonance The fault causing resonance
between capacitance and
inductance in part of the circuit



Line insulators
flashover or puncture
Circuit breaker voltage
stressed . Restrike is
possible
Transmission line
insulation is stressed
Temporary fault grows
into permanent fault
Very high surge
voltage occcur
"
m 

"m

3
 
 
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„ Voltage : 2x108 volts, (200 MV)
„ Current 4x44 A
„ Duration : 10-5 seconds
„ Power : 8x10 9 kW
„ Energy : 22 kWh
„ Lightning cannot be prevented, but it
can with some success be intercepted
and its current conducted to grounding
system without side flashes
 Form of the negative ground/cloud lightning
Direct lightning stroke
current
"    

Direct flash (A stroke): The current can be
considered as an ideal current source. The
resulting Over voltage therefore depends on the
impedance seen by the current source. The
impedance is the surge impedance of the line
(200-400 ohm). Then a very high voltage
appears

Near flash (B stroke) : Due to change in electro-

magnetic field a voltage is induced the line. Ex:
in high voltage line with 10 m high for lightning
current of 30 kA, the induced voltage is in order
of 100 kV for a flash at 100 m distance
   
„ The lightning discharge causes
Thermal
Mechanical
Electrical
Effects to the system
Line insulators flashover or puncture. The
travelling wave reaches the substations
and generating stations. The insulation
of equipment and machines stressed
›
„ Travelling wave: A lightning stroke
terminating on a power system initiates
wave that propagate within the system. To
determine the resulting surge voltage and
current a travelling wave analysis is
required
„ Surge voltage: In general surge voltage
and surge current should be considered.
The current exists only microseconds. The
surge voltage exceeds the insulation
strength a flashover occurs
› 
  
 


A very steep front and rapid damping are

the characteristic of lightning
phenomena

  
  

When lightning current flows through the ground it affects to the

Earthing poential of electrical installtions
  
 
 !  
    !

  
  

V=0.2 Iȡ/D
Where :
I: lightning current
ȡ : soil resitivity
D : distance

If I=20 kA, ȡ=1000 ohm/m

For D=100 m V=40 kV
D=50 m V=80 kV
  "
      
-se of rod gap or spark gap
 

„ "


a. After the surge is over short circuit may
occur
b. The rods may melt or get damaged due to
excessive heat produced by the arc.
c. The climatic conditions (e.g. rain, humidity,
temperature etc.) affect the performance of rod
gap arrester.
d. The polarity of the f the surge also affects the
performance of this arrester.
e. Due to the above limitations, the rod gap
arrester is only used as a back-up protection in
case of main arresters.
  

„ The gap between horns is less at the
bottom and largest at the top. The arc is
produced at the bottom during high
voltage. It moves up due to
electromagnetic field action and heat.
  
„ Lightning arrester is connected between
line and earth. Main elements are non-
linear resistor unit and gap unit.
„ At power frequency the resistor unit
offers a very high resistance and no
current flows through the ground
„ For discharge current the resistance is
low and breakdown occurs the gap.
  
„ Shielding masts are commonly used in
substations, and overhead ground wires
are used in both substations and on
transmission lines
-  
  
„ The earth wire is at the top of the OH line
and at every and each tower the ground
wire is earthed. The negatively charged
strokes are attracted by this wire. Without
ground wire the stroke hits the live
conductors which bring the disaster.
„ It does not provide 100% protection
against lightning
„ Shielding angle of 35 % can be considered
as satisfactory

 
 

„ The correlation of the insulation of the
equipment and circuit with the
characteristic of protective devices so
that the insulation is protected from the
over voltages
„ Normal voltage: r.m.s line to line voltage
by which the system is designed
„ Highest voltage: highest r.m.s. line to
line voltage which can be sustained
under normal operating conditions
›
„ Insulation level : combination of voltage
values both power frequency and
impulse which characterize the
insulation of that equipment with regard
to capability of withstanding dielectric
stress.
› 
   

 
„ Lightning arrester should have the
lowest spark voltage. The residual
voltage should be less than transformer
insulation strength
„ The voltage time curve of individual
components must be taken into account
„ The insulation co-ordination should be
based on worst atmospheric conditions