Writing Clearly and

Concise
PRESENTED TO
DR.NASREEN
AKHTER
PRESENTED BY
RABIA BASRI
(12)
SANA AKRAM
(19)

Organization
Before beginning to write, consider the best length and structure for the
findings you

wish to share. Ordering your thoughts logically, both at the paragraph

and at the sentence

levels, will strengthen the impact of your writing.

Length
If a paper is too long

shorten it by stating points clearly and directly.

confining the discussion to the specific problem under investigation.

deleting or combining data displays.

eliminating repetition across sections.

writing in the active voice.

At times, a paper may need to be divided into two or more papers, each with a
more specific focus.

Journals differ in average length of articles published.

Organizing a Manuscript With

Headings

In scientific writing, sound organizational structure is the key to clear,

precise, and logical communication.

Concise headings help the reader anticipate key points and track the
development of your argument.

Levels of heading establish the hierarchy of sections via format or

appearance.

Levels of Heading

The heading style recommended by APA consists of five possible

formatting arrangements, according to the number of levels of
subordination.

Format of five levels of heading in

APA journals
Levels

Format

Centered, Boldface. Uppercase and Lowercase

Heading

Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase

Heading

Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading

ending with a period.

Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase

paragraph heading ending with a period.

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph

heading ending with a period.

Seriation helps the reader understand the organization of key points within
sections, paragraphs, and sentences.

Within a paragraph or sentence, identify elements in a series by

lowercase letters in parentheses.

Within a sentence, use commas to separate three or more elements

that do not have internal commas.

use semicolons to separate three or more elements that have internal

commas.

Writing Style

The prime objective of scientific reporting is clear communication.

Establishing a tone that conveys the essential points of your study in an

interesting manner will engage readers and communicate your ideas
more effectively.

Continuity in Presentation of Ideas

Smoothness of Expression

Tone

Economy of Expression

Precision and Clarity

Linguistic Devices

Strategies to Improve Writing Style

Guideline for Reducing Bias in

Language

Describe at the Appropriate Level of Specificity

Be Sensitive to Labels

Acknowledge Participation

Reducing Bias by Topic

Gender

Sexual Orientation

Racial and Ethnic Identity

Disabilities

Age

Grammar and Usage

Verbs

Agreement of Subject and Verb

Pronouns

Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers and Use of Adverbs

Relative Pronouns and Subordinate Conjunctions

Parallel Construction

Any Question