Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
introduction
This chapter is about styles for APA
journals regarding more basic things
which are useful to explain and
usage with relevance to APA journals.
It tells general rules explained in
widely available style manuals.
Table of content
1) punctuation
2)Spelling
3)Capitalization
4)Italics
5)Abbreviations
6)Numbers
7)Metrication
8)Statistical and mathematical copy
9)equations
punctuation
Punctuation establishes a sentence.
Tells the reader where to
pause,comma,semicolon,colon,stop,q
uestion mark, or
detour(dash,parentheses,brackets)
Punctuation
1. Spacing after punctuation marks.
2. Period.
3. Comma.
4. Semicolon.
5. Colon.
6. Dash.
7. Quotation marks.
8. Double or single equation marks
9. Parentheses
10.Brackets.
11.slash
Period
It is used to end a complete sentence.
Periods are used with abbreviations.
Use period with as follow,
Initials of name like(j. R. smith).
Latin abbreviations
Reference abbreviations
Capital letters
Acronyms
Web addresses
Metric and non metric measurement
abbreviation
Comma
Between elements and in a series of
three or more items.
1.Use comma with
To separate two clauses.
To set off the year in exact date.
To separate groups of three digits in
most numbers.
semicolon
Use a semicolon
1. To separate two independent
clauses.
2. To separate elements in a series
that already contains commas.
colon
Use a colon with
1. In ratios and proportions.
2. In references between place of publication
and publisher.
3. Between a grammatically complete
introductory clause.
. Do not use colon
1. After an introduction that is not a
complete sentence or independent clause.
Dash
Use a dash to indicate only a sudden
interruption in the continuity of
sentence. Over use weakens the flow
of materials.
For example:these two participantsone from the first group and one
from the second-were tested
separately.
Quotation mark
Use double quotation marks
1.To introduce a word or phrase used as
an ironic comment or slang.
2.The title of article, chapter or book.
Do not use double quotation marks
1.To cite a letter,word,phrase or sentence.
2.To introduce a technical or key term.
3.To hedge.
parentheses
Use parentheses
1. To set off elements.
2. To introduce an abbreviation.
3. To enclose the citation.
4. To enclose numbers.
5. To enclose statistical values.
brackets
Use brackets
1. To close the value that are limited.
2. To enclose parenthetical material.
. Do not use brackets
1. To set off statistics that already
include parentheses.
slash
Use a slash
1. To clarify a relationship.
2. To set off English phonemes.
3. To site a republish work in text.
. Do not use slash
1. When a phrase would be clearer.
2. For simple comparisons.
2.spelling
Preferred spelling
Spelling should conform to standard
American English as exemplified in
Merriam-Webster collegiate
dictionary(2005).
Plural forms of some words of Latin
or Greek can be troublesome.
hyphenation
Compound words take many forms
that is two words as two separate
words.
hyphen: no space before and after.
em dash: longer than a hyphen.
en dash: longer and thinner than a
hyphen. Shorter than em dash.
Minus: slightly thicker and higher
than en dash.
3.capitalization
Use an uppercase letter for the first
letter of word.
Words beginning a sentence.
Major words in titles and headings.
Proper nouns and trade names.
Nouns followed by numerals or letters.
Titles of tests.
Names of veriables,factors and effects.
italics
Italic is a style of font that slants the
letters evenly to the right. This text
should be in italics. When a font is
installed on a computer there will be
an italic version.
Italics
Use of Italics
Titles of
books,periodicals,films,videos,TV
shows and microfilm publications.
Genera,species,and varieties.
Introduction of a new,technical,or key
term or label(after a term has been
used once,do not italicize it).
A letter, word, or phrase.
Cont
Words that could be misread.
Letters used as statistical symbols or
algebraic variables.
Some test scores and scales.
Periodical volume numbers in
reference lists.
Anchors of a scale.
5.Abbreviations
Use of abbreviations
To maximize clarity, use
abbreviations sparingly. Although
abbreviations are sometimes useful
for long, technical terms in scientific
writing, communication is usually
reproduce rather than clarified.
Explanation of abbreviation
Abbreviations accepted as words
Cont..
Abbreviations used often in APA
Journals
Latin abbreviations
Scientific abbreviation
Other abbreviations
Plurals of abbreviations
Abbreviations beginning a sentence
6. Numbers
The general rule governing APA style
on the use of numbers is:
1. Use numerals to express
a) numbers 10 above e.g. 12 lists
b)numbers in the abstract of a paper
c) Numbers that immediately precede
a unit of measurement e.g. 12 cm
long
7. Metrication
In APA, all references of journals to physical
measurements are expressed in a metric
system which is based on the international
system of units.
If measurements are nonmetric, you may
report the no metric units but also report
the established SI equivalents in
parentheses. E.g.
The rod was 3 ft (0.91 m) long.
9. Equations
Place the equation in the line of text.
Punctuate al equations, whether
they are in the line of text or
displayed.
Place short and simple equations.
Follow the BODMAS rule of algebra
used in the equations.