Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Anita Neal
Director/Environmental
Horticulture Agent
St. Lucie County Extension
Classification
Collembola
Springtail
Thysanura
Silverfish
Firebrat
Ephemeroptera
Ephemeroptera are delicate insects with two pairs (rarely just one
pair) of triangular shaped wings with many veins - the front pair
are large and the hind pair are small. They have long front legs,
that are often directed forward. The antennae are very short and
there are usually three (less commonly only 2) long, tail-like
appendages. The adults have non-functional mouthparts and do
not feed.
Immature mayflies have elongate bodies with long legs, short
antennae and usually three tails (some only have two). They have
leaf like gills on the sides of the abdomen. Nymphs are found in
aquatic habitats, are often found on rocks or other substrates.
Both the immatures and adults are an important fish food.
Adults are common around water, especially in spring, when they
may emerge in large numbers. Adult mayflies live only for one or
two days. They do not feed during their adult life but mate and lay
eggs during their short adult life. Mayflies are the only insect
group that molts after the wings are fully developed. The first
winged stage is called the subimago and this stage typically has
cloudy wings. Mayflies have incomplete metamorphosis. They can
be up to about 1 inch long.
Mayfly
Mayfly Larvae
Odonata
Common Skimmer
Dragonfly
Damselfly
Phasmida
Walkingstick
Orthoptera
Differential grasshopper
Katydid
Lubber Grasshopper
Mantodea
Mantodea are rather large, elongate and slowmoving insects. Their front legs are greatly
modified for grasping prey. Mantids have chewing
mouthparts and unusually elongated prothorax.
The wings are held over the back and overlap.
Metamorphosis is gradual.
They are predaceous on a large variety of insects
and other arthropods. They usually wait
motionless for their prey to venture within
striking distance. Mantids are well known as
biological control agents. However, they do not
distinguish between useful and destructive
species but feed on any insects that come near.
Mantids are usually found in foliage. They may
be up to 4 inches long.
Praying Mantid
Blattaria
American Cockroach
German Cockroach
Australian Cockroach
Isoptera
Subterranean termites
Drywood Termite
Pellets
Dermaptera
Ring-legged earwig
Plecoptera
Stonefly
Psocoptera
Barklice
Phthiraptera
Phthiraptera are divided into the chewing lice (Mallophaga) and sucking lice
(Anoplura).
These insects are wingless parasites that live on most birds and mammals. The
chewing lice feed on bits of hair, feathers or skin of the host. The sucking lice feed
mainly on blood. Lice deposit their eggs on the hair or feathers of the host. These
insects are irritating pests that can be carriers of disease. Only the sucking lice
contain members that attack humans. Phthiraptera undergo simple metamorphosis.
Suborder Mallophaga (chewing lice)
The chewing lice are sometimes consisted to be two suborders, the Amblycera and
Ischnocera. They are small, flat, wingless, parasitic insects with mouth parts formed
for chewing. Legs and antennae are short. Immature stages resemble the adults
except for size. These insects feed upon feathers of birds or on hair and skin scales
of other animals. They are important pests of domestic fowl and animals, but they do
not live on man. About 1/6 to 3/16 inch long when mature. The chicken head louse,
Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsh) (Phthiraptera; Ischnocera: Philopteridae) is an
example.
Suborder Anoplura (sucking lice)
Anoplura are small, flat, wingless, parasitic insects with mouthparts formed for
piercing and sucking. Legs and antennae are short. Immature stages resemble the
adults. These insects are found commonly on domestic animals, but not on birds.
The human louse belongs to this suborder. They feed by sucking blood and are
important pests of domestic animals and man. The human body louse has been
responsible for millions of human deaths through the centuries. They spread the
organism causing epidemic typhus from one person to another. The hog louse,
Haematopinus suis (Linnaeus) (Phthiraptera; Anoplura: Haematopinidae) is an
example.
Head Louse
Crab Louse
Hemiptera usually have four wings folded flat over the body.
There is often a visible triangle at the center of the back
that the wing bases do not cover called the scrutellum. The
front pair are thickened and leathery at the base with
membranous tips or ends. Mouthparts are formed for
piercing and sucking and the beak arises from the front part
of the head.
They are found on plants and animals, or in water. Some
true bugs cause considerable plant damage by their
feeding. Some are beneficial because they prey on other
insects. A few bite humans on occasion.
Metamorphosis is gradual, with immatures usually quite like
the adults but wingless. Most are under 1/2-inch long but
some forms especially aquatic ones may be over 2 inches
long.
Insects in this order are: A giant water bug, tarnished
plant bug, chinch bug, stinkbug, bedbug, assassin
bug, milkweed bug.
Southern Green
Stink Bug and
Giant Water Bug
Leaffooted Bug
Nymph
Assassin Bugs
Nymphs
Bedbug
Homoptera
Dog-day cicada
Aphids
Sharpshooter Leafhopper
Whitefly
Scale
Nigra Scale
Wax Scale
Thysanoptera
Thrips usually have two pairs of slender wings with few veins and
fringed with long hairs. Some species and immatures are
wingless. Legs and antennae are short. Mouthparts are modified
for rasping plant surfaces and sucking up the juices. Immature
stages resemble the adults.
Some thrips feed on plants; others prey on small insects. Those
that feed on plants are frequently injurious in greenhouses or on
vegetable crops. They will also bite humans but only cause
momentary discomfort.
Thrips usually have two pairs of slender wings with few veins and
fringed with long hairs. Some species and immatures are
wingless. Legs and antennae are short. Mouthparts are modified
for rasping plant surfaces and sucking up the juices. Immature
stages resemble the adults.
Some thrips feed on plants; others prey on small insects. Those
that feed on plants are frequently injurious in greenhouses or on
vegetable crops. They will also bite humans but only cause
momentary discomfort. Thrips have a gradual metamorphosis,
Thysanoptera are tiny insects about 1/32" to 1/8" long.
Thrips
Neuroptera
Neuroptera are rather fragile insects with two pairs of many-veined wings
of about the same size. Antennae are long and threadlike or shorter and
some are even clubbed. Chewing mouthparts occur in adults. Most
Neuroptera hold their wings roof-like over the abdomen but some like
dobsonflies overlap their wings. Male dobsonflies have long sickle shaped
jaws that are used to hold the female during mating. Females have shorter
jaws but can bite more effectively.
Immature stages are predaceous generally with chewing mouthparts.
Some immatures have mouthparts modified for grasping and sucking.
Many immature Neuroptera have extensions on the sides of their bodies.
Immature antlions are called "doodlebugs," and they make pits in sandy
areas and are known to capture ants that fall into the pits. Helgramites,
the immature forms of dobsonflies, are found in well oxygenated sections
of rivers and streams.
Lacewings and their immature forms, known as aphid lions, are the most
common insects in this order, and both feed on aphids. Adult green
lacewings can be found throughout the year. They are considered
beneficial, because they feed on other insects.
Metamorphosis is complete. They are 1/4 inch to over 3 inches long.
Insects in this order: lacewing, dobsonfly, mantidfly and antlion.
Green lacewing
larva
Dobson Fly
larvae
Antlion
Larvae
Antlion Pits
Mantidfly
Coleoptera
The largest order by number of species is Coleoptera. One in five living animal
species is a beetle.
Coleoptera usually have two pairs of wings. The front pair of wings, called elytra, are
thick and form a hard shell over the abdomen of the most beetles. Elytra meet in a
straight line down the middle of the back. Some have short elytra and may be
confused with earwigs but the caudal appendages on beetles are segmented rather a
single piece like in earwigs. The hind wings are membranous and are folded under
the front wings when at rest. Mouthparts are formed for chewing in adult beetles and
immatures but some are modified considerable for piercing or pollen feeding. Weevils
may have a snout which can be long and slender giving them the appearance of a
sucking mouth but mandibles are at the end.
Immatures can have six legs or be legless almost maggot-like, and generally are
called grubs. They come in many sizes and shapes and include the wireworms, white
grubs and many others. Some are more worm-like. They generally short antennae,
and a distant head capsule. Prolegs are never present but there may be extensions
or hooks on the end of the abdomen.
Coleoptera is the largest order of insects, including about 1/4 of all known insects
with about 280,000 different species in the world. Food habits are varied. Some feed
on living plants; some are predaceous; some are scavengers; and others bore in
wood. This order includes some of the best known and most important of our insect
enemies. Most of the members are terrestrial, but some are aquatic. Perhaps the
most famous members of this group are lady beetles, June beetles and the cotton
boll weevil.
Beetles go through complete metamorphosis. They are microscopic to over 2 inches
long
Tiger beetle
Ground Beetle
Lady Beetle
Larva
Hercules Beetle
Citrus Long-Horned
Beetle
Mesosphere
Siphonaptera
Cat flea
Diptera
Diptera are usually winged, but have only one pair of wings with few veins.
Hind wings are represented by a pair of slender, knobbed structures called
halteres. A few forms are wingless as adults, primarily parasites.
Mouthparts are formed for sucking or piercing and sucking.
Fly larvae are entirely different from the adults and are usually found in
different habitats. Immatures usually are known as maggots. Immature
Diptera have mouthparts, modified for sucking or for piercing and sucking.
Primitive flies including midges and mosquitoes which have head capsules
but most immature flies have poorly formed heads. Many fly larvae are
associated with aquatic habitats or very moist areas with organic matter.
Some are internal parasites of mammals. Larvae may be thin and elongate
or thin and wide. Some are elaborately ornamented.
True flies or Diptera occur in many shapes and sizes and are a very
important group. The order includes forms that are parasitic, predaceous
and others that live on either living or dead plant or animal material. Some
members of the order cause a great amount of damage to crops. Many
harmful flies spread diseases, such as mosquitoes that carry yellow fever
and malaria, and are responsible for millions of human deaths. This is one
of the most important orders from the standpoint of human health because
of the species that carry diseases.
Flies have complete metamorphosis. Flies can be very small to over 1 inch
in length.
Some insects in this order: crane fly, drain fly mosquito, blow fly,
robber fly and housefly.
Crane fly
Blow Fly
Robber Fly
Mosquito
Trichoptera
Caddisfly
Lepidoptera
This is a large order of insects and one of the best known. It contains some of our
most important pests; such as the bollworm, armyworms, cutworms, codling moth,
clothes moth and cabbageworm.
Lepidoptera usually have four well developed wings covered with overlapping scales
as adults. A few adult Lepidoptera have reduced wings or none at all. Mouthparts of
the adults are formed for sucking but some have reduced or non-functional
mouthparts.
Butterflies generally fly during the day and can be recognized by the clubbed
antennae. Skippers are much like butterflies but have the end of the antennae
hooked rather than clubbed. Moths generally fly at night but there are exceptions.
Moths have antennae that are linear or feathery but not clubbed.
Immature stages (larvae) are known as caterpillars. Names like cutworms,
armyworms, hornworms and many others apply to groups of caterpillars that may be
related taxonomically or by similar biology. Their mouthparts are formed for
chewing. The well developed head capsule has short antennae. On the front of the
face of caterpillars is an groove or suture shaped like an inverted "V." On caterpillars
there is a second suture called an adfrontal suture just under the "V." Almost all have
crochets (small hooks) on the prolegs even if the prolegs are reduced. These hooks
help the caterpillar hold onto the substrate. Caterpillars feed on foliage, stored
products, linens. Some are leafminers and a few are borers in herbaceous and woody
plants.
Most Lepidoptera feed on leaves of plants in the larval stage. Some caterpillars bore
in plant stems, others are leafminers and a few are ever predators. All Lepidoptera
have complete metamorphosis. Microlepidoptera are often under 1/4 inch, the
largest moths and butterflies are over 3 inches.
Monarch butterfly
Gulf Fritillary
Zebra Longwing
Luna Moth
Hymenoptera
Ants
Carpenter Ant
Sawfly
Africanized Honeybee
Thank you