ANATOMICAL

STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

BY OMEJE EMMANUEL &
LINA EL KOURANY

EXTERNAL FEATURE OF THE EYE

INTERNAL FEATURES OF THE EYE

ACCCESORY VISUAL STRUCTURES

DEVELOPMENT OF EYES IN HUMAN

EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE EYE

Anterior and posterior poles.

Equator.

Meridians.

External and Internal axis of the Eyeball.

Optic axis

Anterior and posterior segment.

Anterior pole
Most prominent portion of the cornea.
Posterior pole
Resides laterally from the optic nerve.
Directly opposite from the anterior pole.
Equator
Separates the eyeball into anterior and posterior parts.
Meridians
They encircle the eyeball and join the poles.
External axis
An imaginary longitudinal line that runs through both poles.
Internal axis
A part of the external axis located btw the internal part of cornea and retina.
Optic axis
Is an imaginary line from cornea to Fovea centralis.

Introductory chart..
EYE BALL
CAPSULE

NUCLEUS

Fibrous layer (sclera + cornea)

Lens

Vascular layer (choroid +ciliary body + Iris)

Chambers

Inner layer (retina)

Layers of the eyeball

Capsule of the Eyeball

FIBROUS LAYER
Has the sclera and cornea components, separated by the sulcus sclera,
this host the venous circular
Scleral venous sinus.
-Sclera
consist 80% of the fibrous layer. Its
Opaque and whitish.
Anteriorly its covered by Conjunctiva.
The other sections are covered by
Endothelium.
-Cornea
The anterior translucent part of the
Fibrous layer. It consist of avascular
Connective tissue covered with
Epithelium from both sides.

VASCULAR LAYER
This is the middle layer amongst the tunics of the eyeball.
It consist the choroid,ciliary body and iris.
Blood vessels to the retina are located here.
This is the site for aqueous humor production.
Choroid
the largest posterior part of the middle layer.
It has thin layer of connective tissue with blood vessels btw and pigment cells.
It features the perichoroidal space,btw choroid and sclera.
Ciliary body
Its the anterior thickened portion of the vascular layer.
It enfolds the lens,
Becomes continuous with the Iris anteriorly and posteriorly with the choroid.
It consist of ciliary muscles and processes.
Ciliary muscles
consist of smooth muscle fibers which are meridional,longitudinal,radial and
circular. This muscles are necessary for accommodation.
Ciliary processes
found in the inner surface of the ciliary body. They are arranged radially and
feature abundant blood capillaries.

Iris
The visible anterior portion of the vascular layer.
It features a central opening, Pupil.
-by narrowing or dilating ,the pupil regulates light
exposure of the retina.
-ciliary margin
the part that attaches with the ciliary body.
-pupillary body
the part that attaches with the pupil, and encircles
it.
Pectinate ligament
found btw the junction of cornea and iris.
The iris consist of pigmented cells and smooth
muscles like
-sphincter pupillae
for Narrow of the pupil.
made of circular muscle fibers.
-dilator pupillae
it dilates the pupil.
Consist of radial fibers.

RETINA
General insight on the optical relate
areas of the Retina.
It is well visible by the
ophthalmoscope as a deep red
area.One can see the optic disc(escape
point for optic nerve) at the posterior
pole,
In the center of the optic disc one can
see the depression of the optic
disc,that passes the central retinal
artery.
Laterally from the optic disc, we have
the Macula, with the fovea centralis.
This part is the focus point of the retina
and constitutes the area of best vision
acuity.

The Retina has two general parts

-Optic part
-Nonvisual part
Optic part
the posterior portion adherent to the choroid, terminates
anteriorly by ora serrate.
Features two layers;
Pigmental layer
outer layer formed by pigmented cells.
Neural layer
Inner translucent layer that has the rods and cones (receptor
cell).
Cones-serve for color vision.
Rods-serves as night receptors.
Nonvisual part
has only pigmented cells and epithelium.
It has no receptor cells like the optic part.
It has 2 parts;
-Ciliary part- it invest the ciliary body.
-Irideal part it invest the iris.

Internal features
of the eye

-LENS
-CHAMBERS

LENS
A translucent body, that looks like a double
convex lens.
Has no blood vessels, consist of resilient
translucent fibers.
Has central/nucleus(hard) and peripheral
/cortex(soft) parts.
The lens is enfolded by an amorphous
capsule, this capsule attaches with the ciliary
body by means of ciliary zonule.
Spaces btw the zonular fibers are the zonular
spaces that open to the posterior chamber.

Bigger magnification of the lens

Chambers of the eyeball

Three divisions are distinguished;
Both the anterior and posterior chamber
contain aqueous humor.
Anterior chamber
Boundaries-It is bounded by posterior
surface of the cornea anteriorly,
The anterior surface of Iris posteriorly.
-communicates with the posterior
chamber via the pupil.
-In the iridocorneal angle(btw cornea and
iris) conjuctival fibers form many septa
that interlace to appear as trabeculae
tissue( pectinate lig.)
The spaces btw the septa are the
endothelium lined spaces of the
Iridocorneal angle, they communicates
With the sclera venous sinus.

Posterior Chamber
Boundaries
Anteriorly by the posterior
surface of iris.
Posteriorly by the lens and ciliary
zonules.
This chamber has
communications with zonular
spaces and the anterior chamber.

Vitreous( Postremal) Chamber

This is the larger cavity of located
behind the lens.
Its filled with translucent vitreous
body.
It is enfolded into a thin capsule.
Anteriorly we can see the hyaloid
fossa,
It houses the Lens.

Circulation of aqueous humor

Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary
processes and they go to fill the zonular
spaces, then it goes to the chambers.
Then it drains to the blood stream (via
iridocorneal spaces).
Then scleral venous sinuses which
communicates with scleral veins.
-this processes result to pressure maintenance
for shape.
-Abnormality-glaucoma.

Accessory Visual structures

They are the extra-ocular muscles, orbital
fascia,the eyebrows, the conjunctiva and
lacrimal apparatus.
Extra-ocular muscles
-Rectus muscles-for rotation of the
eyeball.
(superior,middle,inferior and lateral).
-Oblique muscles (superior and inferior)
- Levator palpebrae superioris.
All muscles except inferior oblique are
arise from the common tendinous ring in
the area of the optic canal and they
attach to the sclera.

Innervation of the eyeball Muscles

Oculomotor Innervation
superior rectus.
medial rectus.
inferior rectus.
inferior oblique.
(rotates the eyeball superiorly
and laterally).
lateral palpebrea superioris.
Trochlear Innervation
superior oblique muscles.
(rotates eyeball inferior and
laterally).
Abducent innervation
lateral rectus.

Fasciae and accessories of the orbit

Retrorobulbar fat
found btw the eyeball and the orbit.
Btw it and the eyeball is the Tenons capsule,it is the facial sheath of the eyeball.
Episcleral space
is filled with fluid that allow free rotation of an eyeball similar to ball and eye socket joint.
Orbital Septum
Closes the eyeball anteriorly and attaches to the eyelid.
Eyelid
Skin plates that covers eyeball, superior and inferior eyelid delimits the palpebral fissure.
They are covered with conjunctiva from inside.

Superior and inferior tarsus.

they form eyelid core.
Anterior and posterior margins.
with featured eye lashes
Lateral and medial palpebral commissures
junction of two eyelids.
Lateral and medial palpebral ligament
attaches the tarsi to the orbital margins.
Tarsal glands
lubricates the palpebral margins.
Ciliary glands
Sebaceous glands
Superior and inferior tarsal muscles
muscles related to tarsi.

conjunctiva
A thin epithelium invested connective tissue
tunic that looks like mucosa.
Covers internal surface of eyelid and anterior of
eyeball.
Parts
Palpebral conjunctiva-covers eyelid from inside.
Bulbar conjunctiva-covers anterior part of
eyelid.
Superior and inferior fornices- btw the above
two.
Conjuctival sacContains lacrimal fluid, its formed by the
palpebral and orbital conjuctivae.when the
eyelids closes, the sac closes too.
Conjuctival glands.

LACRIMAL APARATUS
Lacrimal glandsin its fossa, it has excretory
ducts that open to lacrimal sac.
Lacrimal caruncle
pink eminence.
Superior and inferior caniculi
begins from lacrimal
punctums,opens into the lacrimal
sac.
Lacrimal sac
resides in its fossa,
Nasolacrimal duct
its an inferior continuation of
lacrimal sac, runs within
nasolacrimal canal towards the
inferior nasal meatus.

Accommodation
When viewing remote objects, the ciliary
muscles relaxes and the internal media excert
a certain pressure on the layer. The ciliary
zonule appears stretched causing flattening of
the lens(up to 3.7mm)because of radial
stretching of the capsule.
When viewing close object, ciliary muscles
contract and pulls ciliary bodies together with
the entire vascular layer anteriorly. Circular
fibers of ciliary muscles narrow the opening of
the ciliary body where the lens is suspended.
This reduce tension of ciliary zonule and
capsule of lens.
The lens thus appears convex,(about 4.4mm).

Pathology
With aging, the lens loses resilience and
the ciliary muscle undergoes partial
atrophy.
This leads to accommodation disorders
and vision acuity loss.
Convergence
This happens when objects are examined
in close distance, whereby the light rays
strike same points on both retina.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE

From Omeje Emmanuel

To
Sumy state University