Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
by
Pranamesh Chakraborty
Purpose
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Purpose
Arrange various types of soils into
groups according to their engineering or
various other characteristics.
Soil possessing similar characteristics
can be placed in the same group.
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Introduction
Soils arranged according to grain sizes.
Terms such as gravel, sand, silt and clay are
used to indicate grain sizes.
These terms are used only as designation of
particle sizes.
They do not signify naturally occurring soil
types.
Naturally occurring soil are mixture of
particles of different sizes.
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Textural Classification
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Introduction
Soil classification of composite soils
exclusively based on Particle Size
Distribution.
Most popular is the Triangular Classification
of U.S. Public Roads Administration.
Classification based on % of sand, silt and
clay size.
More suitable for describing coarse grained
soil.
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Example
30% sand
30% silt
40% clay
Soil Type
Clay
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Introduction
Based on both particle-size composition as
well as plasticity characteristics.
Mostly used for pavement construction.
7 primary groups (A-1, A-2,., A-7).
A-1 subdivided into 2 subgroups.
A-2 subdivided into 4 subgroups.
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Example
56% passes 75 micron sieve.
Plastic Limit (wP) =23%
Liquid Limit (wL)=36%
Plasticity Index (IP) = 36-23=13%
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Example
Passing 75 micron>35%
IP < 40%
wL>10%
wL=36%
IP =13%
A-6
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Example
Group Index Calculation
a= 56-35=21
b=56-15=41, Take 40
GI=5.4=5
c=0
d=13-10=3
A-6 (5)
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Origin of USCS
First
developed
by
Professor
A.
Casagrande (1948) for the purpose of
airfield construction during World War II.
Afterwards, it was modified to enable
the system to be applicable to dams,
foundations, and other construction .
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Course
Grained
Organic
Soil
Fine
Grained
Peat
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Classification Groups
The soil is classified into 15 groups.
Each group is designated a symbol
consisting of two capital letters.
The first letter is based on main soil
type.
The second letter is based on gradation
and plasticity .
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Prefix
Subgroup
Suffix
Classification
Group symbols
Well-graded
Poorly-graded
Silty
Clayey
W
P
M
C
GW
GP
GM
GC
Sand
Well-graded
Poorly-graded
Silty
Clayey
W
P
M
C
SW
SP
SM
SC
Silt
LL < 50%
LL > 50%
L
H
ML
MH
Clay
LL < 50%
LL > 50%
L
H
CL
CH
Organic
LL < 50%
LL > 50%
L
H
OL
OH
Peat
Pt
Gravel
Pt
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50%
Coarse-grained
soils:
Gravel (G)
(S)
NO. 4
4.75
mm
Sand
Fine-grained
soils:
Silt (M) Clay (C)
NO.200
0.075
mm
Well or Poor
Graded based on
Cu and Cc
For G, use W if Cu > 4 and 1<Cc <3
For S, use W if Cu > 6 and 1<Cc <3
Based on wL and
IP
(Plasticity Chart)
wL >50
wL <50
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Plasticity Chart
Silt (M)
Clay (C)
Organic (O)
Plasticity Chart
The soils liquid limit (wL) after oven drying is less than 75 % of
its liquid limit before oven drying. If the above statement is true,
then it is Organic Soil (OL or OH). Otherwise, it is Inorganic Soil
(ML or MH)
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Plasticity Chart
USCS at a glance
(Santamarina et al.,
2001)
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Typical Name
GW
Well-graded gravels.
GP
Poorly-graded gravels.
GM
Silty gravels.
GC
Clayey gravels
SW
Well-graded sands.
SP
Poorly-graded sands.
SM
Silty sands.
SC
Clayey sands.
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Typical Name
CL
ML
OL
CH
MH
OH
Pt
Peat.
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Example
LL= 33
PI= 12
LL= 33
PI= 12
PI= 0.73(LL-20), A-line
PI=0.73(33-20)=9.49
Soil Type= SC
Clayey sand
Highly
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(Santamarina et al.,
2001)
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Indian Standard
Classification System
(ISCS)
IS:1498-1970
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Introduction
Based on USCS system
Modifications are:
Fine grained soils subdivided into 3
groups (low, intermediate and high
plasticity) as against two groups(low and
high) in USCS.
wL <35=L,
35<wL <5o=I,
wL >50=H
Prefix
Subgroup
Suffix
Classification
Group symbols
Well-graded
Poorly-graded
Silty
Clayey
W
P
M
C
GW
GP
GM
GC
Well-graded
Poorly-graded
Silty
Clayey
W
P
M
C
SW
SP
SM
SC
LL < 35%
35<LL<>50
LL > 50%
L
I
H
ML
MI
MH
LL < 35%
35<LL<>50
LL > 50%
L
I
H
CL
CI
CH
Organic
LL < 35%
35<LL<>50
LL > 50%
L
I
H
OL
OI
OH
Peat
Pt
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Pt
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Chakraborty
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Plasticity Chart
Thank You
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