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KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION AND ADAPTATION

STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG RICE


FARMERS IN JIGAWA STATE OF NIGERIA
BY

DR LAWAL MOHAMMAD ANKA


AND

DR KAMLESHWAR LOHANA
BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION
AND POLICY MANAGEMENT (STIPM 2016) MUET
JAMSHORO SINDH PAKISTAN FROM 16-17 NOVEMBER
2016

INTRODUCTION
Climate change refers to any change overtime,
whether due to natural variability or as a result of
human activity (IPCC, 2001). While climate
change is a global phenomenon, its negative
impacts are more severely felt by poor people in
developing countries who rely heavily on natural
resources base for their Livelihoods. Rural poor
communities rely greatly for their survival on
agriculture and livestock husbandry that are
amongst the most climate sensitive economic
sectors.

Problem Statements
Agronomic models of climate sensitivity
indicate that higher temperatures are likely
to be harmful in many developing
countries where climate is marginal, water
is inadequate and temperature will make
many agricultural areas less productive
and completely unsuitable.

Problem Statements Cont.


. Climate change has greater negative impacts on
poorer households as they have the lowest
capacity to adopt to changes in climate conditions
hence the need for them to device some
adaptation measures to cope with extreme
weather conditions. In view of the adverse effects
of climate change to the farming community;
therefore, extension system can help farmers to
deal climate change in Jigawa State by providing
them information on causes and effects of climate
change as well as adaptive and contingency
measures cannot be prevented about climate
change.

Objectives of the Study


i. Identify the sources of information on climate
change used by respondents.
ii. Determine the level of knowledge of the respondents
about climate change phenomena.
iii. Identify the adaptation measures used to cope with
climate change and
iv. Identify the problems encountered by the
respondents in adapting to climate change effects.

Hypothesis

The following hypothesis are presented as follows:-

HO Farmers Socio-economic characteristics have no significant influence on


their level of adaptation to climate change.

HA Farmers Socio-economic characteristics have significant influence on


their level of adaptation to climate change.

HO Farmers Socio-economic characteristics have no significant influence on


the level of knowledge of respondents about climate change phenomena.

HA Farmers Socio-economic characteristics have significant influence on


the level of knowledge of respondents about climate change phenomena.

Methodology
A total sample of 160 was selected divided into
two 80 samples per Local Government Area.
Multistage sampling was used for selection of
respondents. Primary data were collected
through a structured interview schedule
administered on respondents. Data was
analysed using arithmetic mean, percentage and
Descriptive statistics. To achieve the above
objectives results of the study were interpreted
to draw up conclusions.

Background Information About the


Study Areas
Jigawa State:- Lies between latitude 11A ON
and 13AON and Longitudes 8A0E and 10A035E
and covers a total of about 22,410sq.Km. The
state is bordered on the West by Kano State on
the East by Bauchi and Yobe States. On the
North by Katsina State and by Niger Republic.
The State came into being on Tuesday 27th
August, 1991 when the Federal Government
announced the creation of Nine additional States
in the country to bring the total number of states
to 30.

Background Information About


the Study Areas
Population for the Study:- The
population for this research consisted of
Rice Farmers in Hadejia and Kazaure Local
Government Areas(208 894 ) according to
Nigerian population census of 1991.
Total sample size was 160 divided into
two LGA s

Distribution of respondent base on


source of information
Table 2
Souce
Freq,
of
imforma Hadejia
tion

Freq,
%
Kazaure

Radio

20

25

30

37.5

Televisio
n

10

7.5

Extensio
10
n Agents

12.5

11.2

Internet

8.7

24

30

Meteorol
ogical
Station

33

41.2

8.7

Table2 Cont,
The above findings are in line with Anka,
2015 who reported 22(24.4%) of the
respondents source of information was
radio. While 5(5.5%) from fellow
extension workers. About 20(22.2%) was
through television.

Distribution of Respondents based on knowledge/


Perception
Table 3
Indicators of
Freq.
Climate
Hadejia
Change
High
26

Freq.
Kazaure

32.5

34

42.5

42.5

28

35

10

11.2

15

11.2

100

80

100

Temperature
Erratic

34

Rainfall
Rising Level 8
of Floods
Increase
Pest
Diseases
Total

of 12
and
80

Table 3 Cont,
The above climate change indicators
identified by respondents in Hadejia and
Kazaure are capable of reducing farm
yields and adding to the production cost.
According to expert opinion increased pest
and disease infestation could be as a result
of increased rainfall intensity and high
humidity. Therefore, farmers knowledge of
climate change indicators will help them
adopt some adaptation measures.

Distribution of Respondents base on types adoptation


measures
Table 4
Types of
Adaptation
Measures
Enterprise

Freq.
Hadejia

Freq.
Kazaure

30

37.5

23

28.7

Early Planting of 22

27.5

35

43.7

3.7

2.5

16.2

3.7

10

12.5

10

8.7

diversification
Crops
Minimum

Soil 3

Tillage
Farm Insurance
Planting

13

Early 4

Maturing
Varieties
Adoption of
Irrigation
Techniques

Table 4 Cont,
The above findings are in concurrence
with those reported by Ugwoke et al
(2012) who stated that (66.67%) of the
farmers adopt diversification of farming
activities as an adaptive strategy. Other
strategies include adjustment to planting
dates (60.83%) and engagement in nonfarm activities (53.3%) among others.

Distribution of Respondents based on Factors


Militating Adaptive Capacity
Table 5,
Factors Against
Freq.
Adaptive
Hadejia
Capacity
Low
Income 27

Freq.
Kazaure

33.7

29

36.2

10

16

20

8.7

7.5

10

12.5

2.5

14

17.5

32

40

6.2

80

100

80

100

Level
Poor Technology
Low

Level

of 7

Education
Poor

Extension 4

Services
Inadequate
Information
No Government
Support
Total

Table 5 Cont.
The above findings are also supported by
Nwalieji and Uzuegbunam (2012) who
reported loss of crop due to flood, loss of
Income, aggravation of rural poverty, soil
erosion are additional factors militating
against adaptive capacity in the study
areas.

Conclusion and Recommendations


:

The major conclusions drawn from this paper were presented


as follows:i.
Survey results regarding source of information on climate
change shows that 20(25%) Hadejia and 30(37.5%) Kazaure relied
on radio to get information on climate change issues. About 8(10%)
and 6(7.5%) used television. A total of 10(12.5%) and 9(11.2%)
used extension agents. Similarly, majority of the respondents used
meteorological station to obtain their information. The lowest
percentage used media and internet.
ii.
Perception of respondents regarding knowledge / perception
on climate change issues shows that 26(32.5%) Hadejia and
34(42.5%) Kazaure respondents reported rising temperatures.
While 34(42.5%) and 28(35%) agreed on erratic rainfall. Similarly,
8(10%) and 9(11.2%) reported rising level of floods in the study
areas. Finally, 12(15%) and 9(11.2%) also reported increase in pest
attack and diseases.

Conclusion and Recommendations Cont.


iii. Data generated on the basis of respondents
opinion regarding adaptation measures revealed
that 30(37.5%) Hadejia and 23(28.7%) Kazaure
practiced enterprise diversification. About
22(27.5%) and 35(43.7%) agreed on nearly
planting of crops. Similarly, 3(3.7%) and
2(2.5%) reported using minimum tillage. While
13(16.2%) and 3(3.7%) decided to go for farm
insurance and finally, 8(10%) and 7(8.7%)
adopted irrigation techniques.

Conclusion and Recommendations Cont.


The results of the study have proved all
the hypothesis presented. On the basis of
the above therefore Ho Null hypothesis is
accepted and Alternate hypothesis H A is
rejected.

Recommendations

Efforts should be made by all stakeholders to


focus on improving the communitys knowledge to
climate change through training, conferences,
extension services and mass media.
Participating sample Local Government Areas
Hadejia and Kazaure should be involved in
environmental conservation programmes,
diversifying the livelihoods of farmers. introducing
new agricultural inputs and technologies,
expansion of irrigational Agriculture will immensely
help in adaptation capacity of the study areas.

Recommendations Cont.
Involving NGOs on climate related issues will
improve and establishing independent climate
institution and allocating budget increase the
adaptation capacity of the two Local
Government Areas.
Government should provide agricultural loans
and subsides to small scale farmers to cope with
the effects / impacts of climate change.
Research and innovation in Agriculture is
needed to identify sustainable ways of
adaptation to climate change.

References

Ajetomobi, J. Abiodun A. and Hassan R. 2010 Economic Impacts of


Climate Change on Rice Production in Nigeria.Tropical and
Subtropical Agroecosystem Vol 14 2011 pp 613- 622
Anka L.M. (2015) Responsiveness of Extension Workers and Agric
officers to Climate Change issues in Wudil and Dambatta LGAs in
Kano State of Nigeria.A working paper on Climate Change Issues in
Northwestern Nigeria
Apata T.G. Samuel K. D. and Adeola A. O. (2009) Analysis Climate
Change Perception & Adaptation Among Arable Food Crop Farmers
in South Western Nigeria. A Paper Presented at a Conference
Organised by International Association of Agricultural Economics
2009 Beijing China August 16-22, 2009.

THANK YOU

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