INDUSTRIAL

TRAINING
PRESENTATION
MADE BY : AATISH KUMAR
APG10910513001
B.TECH(MECHANICAL)

INTRODUCTION
Organisation Profile

This industrial training is done at Zeto engineers & fabricators: An ISO 9001:2008 certified

company situated in industrial Area, phase 1, Chandigarh. This organization is undertaking the
work of engineering and fabrication of different types of tractors parts for Swaraj international
ltd. since 9 years from the time it has came into existence.

This industrial training is described under syllabus and required for experience and practical
knowledge. I have studied all kind of theoretical things about different machining process
involved in making of shafts, gears, sleeves etc. and all the things related to our "Mechanical
Branch".

In this workshop there were different types of sections maintained as for best fabricating and
machining namely CNC section, hobbing section, grinding section, hardening section,shaving
sectionetc.which all parts had to go through.
Here different departments were made for sophisticated , sharp and perfect parts
manufacturing. Here during this training I have seen all the vibrant things which has helped to
enrich my knowledge greatly .
This project report is all what I have seen in the Zeto engineers and fabricators,chandigarh and
done with my hands. I am really thankful to all staff membersand of the Zeto organization and
the workers with whose helpful nature and guidance I completed my Industrial training and this
Report.

The name of this organization is well reputed as it has

been in technical partnership with swaraj international

for 9 years for giving zero defect products and has
been consistent with quality.
All the initial raw materials were acquired through the

dera- basi factory which is on the outskirts of distt.

Mohali,Punjab for further machining and fabrication. A
separate block is made in the workshop for different
designers and cooperators. The whole work station is
situated on plot no.s 223-224 in industrial area phase
1, chandigarh.

PRODUCTS FABRICATED AT ZEF:

PTO (power take-off) SHAFT

CONNECTING SHAFT
LAY SHAFT
ROCK SHAFT
OUTPUT SHAFT
PLANET GEAR
RING GEAR
SLEEVE

SECTIONS IN THE
WORKSHOP :
HYDRAULLIC PRESS INSPECTION SECTION
LATHE SECTION
CNC (COMUTERIZED NUMERICAL CONTROL)

SECTION
GRINDING SECTION
HARDENING SECTION
SHAVING SECTION
BROACHING SECTION
DRILLING SECTION

MACHINES BRIEFING AND THEIR

DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS
CNC MACHINES
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is one in
which the functions and motions of a machine
tool are controlled by means of a prepared
program containing coded alphanumeric data.
CNC can control the motions of the workpiece
or tool, the input parameters such as feed,
depth of cut, speed, and the functions such as
turning spindle on/off, turning coolant on/off.

ELEMENTS OF A CNC

A CNC system consists of three basic components :

PART PROGRAM
The part program is a detailed set of commands to be followed
by the machine tool. Eachcommand specifies a position in the
Cartesian coordinate system (x,y,z) or motion (workpiecetravel or
cutting tool travel), machining parameters and on/off function.
Part programmersshould be well versed with machine tools,
machining processes, effects of process variables,and limitations
of CNC controls. The part program is written manually or by using
computerassistedlanguage such as APT (Automated Programming
Tool).

MACHINE CONTROL UNIT

The machine control unit (mcu) is a microcomputer

that stores the program and executes the commands

into actions by the machine tool. the mcu consists of
two main units: the dataprocessing unit (dpu) and the
control loops unit (clu).
MACHINE TOOL
The machine tool could be one of the following: lathe,

milling machine, laser, plasma,coordinate measuring

machine etc. A right-hand coordinate system is used
to describe the motions of a machine tool .

ADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINES

CNC machines are easier for beginners

Operation of several CNC machines at same time
some CNC machines dont need any operator operate almost
continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
LIMITATIONS OF CNC MACHINES

CNC machinery:

costs quite a lot more than conventional machinery

does not eliminate the need for expensive tools
expensive to repair
Reduce waste as errors allows minimize wasted
material.

TYPES OF CNC MACHINES

Lathe Machine
Milling Machine
Drilling Machine

The bench drill

The pillar drill
Boring Machine
Grinding Machine

LATHE MACHINES

The lathe is a machine tool used principally

for shaping articles of metal (and sometimes
wood or other materials) by causing the
workpiece to be held and rotated by the lathe
while a tool bit is advanced into the work
causing the cutting action. The basic lathe
that was designed to cut cylindrical metal
stock has been developed further to produce
screw
threads.
tapered
work.
Drilled
holes.knurled surfaces, and crankshafts.

GRINDING MACHINES

Grinding is the process of removing metal by the application

of abrasives which are bonded to form a rotating wheel.

When the moving abrasive particles contact the workpiece,
they act as tiny cutting tools, each particle cutting a tiny
chip from the workpiece.
The grinding machine is used for roughing and finishing flat,
cylindrical, and conical surfaces; finishing internal cylinders
or bores; forming and sharpening cutting tools; snagging or
removing rough projections from castings and stampings;
and cleaning, polishing, and buffing surfaces.

DRILLING MACHINES

Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-

piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.

Drilling machines are generally or mainly used to originate
through or blind straight cylindrical holes in solid rigid bodies
and/or enlarge (coaxially) existing (premachined) holes :
of different diameter ranging from about 1 mm to 40 mm
of varying length depending upon the requirement and the
diameter of the drill
in different materials excepting very hard or very soft materials
like rubber, polythene etc.

CASE STUDY
PTO SHAFT MACHINING
At the ZEF site we saw the processing of PTO shaft which is the
power take-off shaft.
Starting with the raw material that was made of High carbon alloy
and was taken by derabasi factory situated in Mohali, was firstly
processed on lathe for centring which was accurately done as to
sure definite dimension.
We saw that the coolant used in those lathes was immensely
effective in reducing the heat produced. It took for centring about
1 to 2 mins for a single shaft.
After centring the next important task done was checking the PTO
shaft for anybends on the hydraulic press which had an dial gauge
attached with it. The worker used to keep dial gauge in touch with
shaft by the tip of it and check for bends with dial gauge meter
deflections.
If the deflection was recorded much then it was rejected. This
process of checking bends in shafts is very much important as the
rotate very rapidly in tractor and could be fatal with any defects on

The next process or machine that shafts go through were

CNCs / Lathes in which through constant coolant the
different machining process were carried out like

Turning
Grooving
Radius
Turning
Taper turning
Step turning

All these processes were easily done by CNCs as they were

programmed with the required dimensions of shafts and the

machining that is required.


We for once were allowed to process PTO Shaft on CNC of company. Jyoti with siemens

operating system under the guidance of worker operating there.

First the shaft was put on the spindle and with the help of foot steper it was fitted further

or gripped tightly and with the command through the buttons available on CNC it was
given command for processing.

After the whole work or machining was done the shaft was tested with clamp gauge,
verniercaliper,micrometer,radius gauge for correctness as double sure is a must in these
works.

After the successful processes have been done the shafts further were proceeded to the
hobbing section where they were given on both ends the involute gears in approx. 4
mins.

On each side there were 10 involute teeth and same as in CNC in this section also the

shafts were checked by different instruments for correct dimensions.

And with the finish of hobbing section work the shafts were kept in macrofurnaces for
partial hardening through heat treatment.

INSPECTION AND PACKING

After the successful machining by different processes on shafts the final inspection was
done with the help of measuring instruments and the packing was done after the rinsing
in diesel of shafts.

THANK
YOU