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SYSTEMS
Ch. 3 Objectives:
Students will be able to :
a) Explore the concept of equilibrium
b) Draw a free body diagram (FBD), and,
c) Apply equations of equilibrium to solve a 2D problem.
d) Apply equations of equilibrium to solve a 3D problem.
Equilibrium
A key concept in statics is that of equilibrium. If an object is at rest, we
will assume that it is in equilibrium and that the sum of the forces
acting on the object equal zero.
Resultant of all
forces acting on a
particle is zero.
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
If an object is in equilibrium, then the resultant force acting on an object
equals zero. This is expressed as follows:
FR F 0
(vector equation)
2D Equilibrium Applications
Since the forces involved in supporting the spool lie in a plane, this is
essentially a 2D equilibrium problem. How would you find the forces in
cables AB and AC?
2D Equilibrium Applications
For a given force exerted on the boats towing pendant, what are
the forces in the bridle cables? What size of cable must you use?
This is again a 2D problem since the forces in cables AB, BC, and
BD all lie in the same plane.
3D Equilibrium Applications
The crane is lifting a load.
To decide if
the straps holding the load to the crane
hook will fail, you need to know the force
in the straps. How could you find the
forces?
Straps
3D Equilibrium Applications
FD A
Area to be cut
or isolated
Note : Cylinder mass = 40 Kg
FB
A
30
EQUATIONS OF 2-D
EQUILIBRIUM
FBD at A
FD A
FB
30
x
A
FC = 392.4 N
FBD at A
(a vector equation)
EXAMPLE
FBD at
A
FD A
30
FB
x
FC = 392.4 N
Note : Cylinder mass = 40 Kg
Equations of equilibrium:
Fx = FB cos 30 FD = 0
Fy = FB sin 30 392.4 N = 0
Solving the second equation gives: FB = 785 N
From the first equation, we get: FD = 680 N
Pulleys
Ideal pulleys simply change the direction of a force.
The tension on each side of an ideal pulley is the same.
The tension is the same everywhere in a given rope or cable if ideal
pulleys are used.
In a later chapter non-ideal pulleys are introduced (belt friction and
bearing friction).
50 lb
Horizontal
force
Vertical
force
50 lb
T1
T2
T2
SPRINGS
Springs can be used to apply
forces of tension (spring pulling)
or compression (spring pushing).
Lo
s
Hookes Law:
Spring Force = (spring constant)(deformation)
F = ks
or
F = k|L Lo|
Example: A 20 lb weight
is added to a spring as
shown. Determine the
spring constant, k.
12
16
20 lb
Example 3D
Equilibrium
Given: A 600 N load is supported
by three cords with the
geometry as shown.
Find: The tension in cords AB,
AC and AD.
Plan:
1) Draw a free body diagram of Point A. Let the unknown force
magnitudes be FB, FC, FD .
2) Represent each force in the Cartesian vector form.
3) Apply equilibrium equations to solve for the three unknowns.
EXAMPLE
(continued)
FBD at A
FD
FC
2m
1m
2m
30
y
FB
x
600 N
FB = FB (sin 30 i + cos 30 j) N
= {0.5 FB i + 0.866 FB j} N
FC = FC i N
FD = FD (rAD /rAD)
= FD { (1 i 2 j + 2 k) / (12 + 22 + 22) } N
= { 0.333 FD i 0.667 FD j + 0.667 FD k } N
EXAMPLE
(continued)
Now equate the respective i , j , k
components to zero.
Fx = 0.5 FB FC + 0.333 FD = 0
Fy = 0.866 FB 0.667 FD = 0
FBD at A
FD
1m
y
2m
FB = 693 N
30
FB
FD = 900 N
FC
2m
Fz = 0.667 FD 600 = 0
FC = 646 N
600 N
Example 3D
Equilibrium
A 3500 lb motor and plate are supported by three
cables and d = 2 ft. Find the magnitude of the
tension in each of the cables.
Example 3D
Equilibrium
Three cables are used to tether a balloon as shown.
Determine the vertical force P exerted by the balloon
at A knowing that the tension in cable AB is 60 lb.