Knowledge dealing with the systematic

determination of a preferable work method with t

he time required for the uses of human and equip
ment to perform such work as well as a developm
ent of material & tools to make the established m
ethod and time practical
1

Process Analysis
Operation Analysis
(Micro) Motion Study
Time Study
Work Instruction Establishing
2

Procedure to determine a certain amount of

time required to perform a task involving either
human or machine under certain standard
conditions of measurement
Which consider
Linked from
Motion Study

Specified work method

Well trained worker
Normal pace
Allowance

Concept: A Fair Days Work

Required Responsibilities
Operator
Supervisor
Union
Analyst

WIN - WIN
5

 Direct time study

Predetermined time systems
(PTS: Work factor, MTM)

Standard time data

Work Sampling
6

General equipment
Stopwatch 1/100 or 1/60

Options
Time study board

Observation sheets

Electronic data collector

Calculator

Electronic time recorder

Computer

Micromotion picture or Video camera

Time study software
Tachometer

Preparation
Select an operator
Make sure the operator will cooperate with the study
Collect information about the operation and layout
Divide the operation into elements
Describe each element in detail
8

Operator
A well trained one
Morale & Understanding
Roles of Supervisor

The Operation
Standardized method
Proper working environment
Smooth equipment operations
9

Description
Headlines of the observation sheet
Sketch of the part and the workplace

Operation Breakdown -- Work Element

Describe beginning and end points definitely
Measurable by stopwatch (0.04 - 0.35 min)
Apply rating factor and allowance separately
Establish time standard for each element

10

Types of Element
Regular element VS Intermittent element
happens every cycle

Inside work element VS Outside work element

happens during the machine operation

Constant element VS Variable element

vary with load/ shape of work piece

11

Time Recording
Make a trial time recording for each elements
of the operation (5, 10 cycles)
Calculate a sufficient number of cycles for the
study
Record the time of each elements as per the
number of required cycles
Ensure the accuracy and confidential level for
the representative time of each elements
12

Stopwatch reading

Make sure that every parts

of the operation are included

Continuous timing
Repetitive timing
(snap back)
Accumulating timing

Observation sheets

For each element

Trial reading
Required number of cycles
Representative time
plus/minus 5% Accuracy
95% Confidence level

13

Time Study Observation Sheet 1: Continuous timing

No. of cycles
(Maytag)

14

Time Study Observation Sheet 2 (Snap back method)

15

Number of Time Study Readings:

Maytag
Trial Readings (5 or 10 cycles)
R

= Range = Max - Min

X bar = Mean = Average

or (Max + Min)/ 2

How many observations is enough?

Consider

R
X bar

Completed
Sheet

16

5% Precision &
95% Confidence Level of the readings
+/-

17

Total No. of observation needed: The Final check

18

Completed Time Study Observation Sheet

Maytag
Allowances

19

Assure the total number of observations

according to the desired accuracy and
confidence level
Normal dist:
to estimate RT within 95% CI
and 5% accuracy

Representative Time, RT
(Selected Time or Basic Time)
RT = mean / mode of observed times
20

Standard Time Calculation

Calculate representative time
Rate the operators performance and apply it to
representative time, getting a normal time
Calculate allowances
Obtain standard time by adding the allowances
to normal time

21

To indicate the rating factor, an adjusting factor

Evaluate the operators speed for doing such element in
relation to the normal speed

Normal Speed, Normal Pace: ???

22

 Normal Pace -- some standard activities

Variety of natural speed among people
Various available systems, performance rating 100
Separately rate on different elements of operation
Judgement of the analyst
Tailor your own normal
Not only the analyst rates the operation, but
also the involved operators/mgrs.
23

 Skill and Effort

Westinghouse System
Synthetic
Physiological Evaluation of Performance Level
Performance Rating
Company Standard and etc.

24

Scale A: Normal 100% (0-100-115:145-200)

Scale B: Normal 60 points (0-60-70:87-120)
Scale C: Incentive 125% (0-100-125-200)
Scale D: Incentive 100% (0-80-100-160)

25

Performance Rating Scales: A-B-C-D

26

Normal Operator:
A qualified and experienced operator working
under customary conditions at the workstation, at a
pace neither too fast nor too slow, but representative
of average.
Normal Time = Representative Time x RF (in %)
100
27

Completed Sheet

Personal

: person

Fatigue

: working environment , length of period

Delay

: equipment, material flow, management

Personal allowances
personal needs
nature of work
2-5 % of 8 hours, or more?

28

Fatigue allowances
not necessary happen
ILO standard
refreshment breaks
Delay allowances
avoidable
unavoidable
allocation techniques
29

Allowances Table

30

Standard Time:
The time that a qualified and well trained
operator working at a normal pace will need to
complete one cycle of the operation
Standard Time = Normal Time x (1+ AF,in %)
Standard Time = Normal Time x

100
(100 - AF,in %)
31

Representative Time = mean / mode of observed times

Normal Time = Representative Time x RF (in %)

100
Standard Time = Normal Time x (1+ AF,in %)
Standard Time = Normal Time x

100
(100 - AF,in %)
32

 Evaluation of alternative methods

Labor cost control and manpower planning
Overhead cost estimation and budgeting
Production scheduling: CPM
Production line balancing
Plant layout and plant capacity
Training and performance evaluation
Output-based incentive scheme design

33

Motion Study creates preferred method

for work so called Standard Method.
Based on standard method, Time Study
creates Standard Time.
Work
Instruction
34

Reduce
Planning & Control
Variation
manpower, line balancing, scheduling,
budgeting, plant layout, plant capacity

Operating Knowledge
Training & Learning
Performance Standard & Evaluation
Incentive Scheme
Allowances

35

Ind.

MA

Firm

MF

MF

MF

Plant

MF

MF

MF

Dept

MC

MC

MC

MC

Group

MC

MC

MC

MC

Indvl

WM WM
Min

Hrs Days

Wk

Mth

Qtr Year

36