Cara Menghitung Tangki

Bertekanan

Sri Handayani
sri h - pap februari 2013

Main pressure vessel components

and
configurations.
1. Use this and following
overheads to
describe main pressure vessel
components and shapes.
2. Shell is primary component
that
contains pressure. Curved
shape.
3. Vessel always closed by
heads.
4. Components typically
welded
together.
5. Vessel shell may be
cylindrical,
spherical, or conical.

Vertical
Drum
on Leg

Main pressure vessel

components and
shapes.
1. Most heads are
curved shape for
strength, thinness,
economy.
2. Semi-elliptical shape
is most common head
shape.
3. Small vertical drums
typically supported by
legs.
Typically maximum
2:1 ratio of leg length to
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Tall Vertical Tower

1. Nozzles used for:

Piping systems
Instrument
connections
Manways
Attaching other
equipment
2. Ends typically
flanged, may be
welded.
3. Sometimes extend
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into
vessel.

Vertical Reactor
1. Skirt supports typically
used for tall vertical vessels:
Cylindrical shell
Typically supported from
grade
2. General support design
(not just for skirts)
Design for weight, wind,
earthquake.
Pressure not a factor.
Temperature also a
consideration for material
selection and thermal
expansion.
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Spherical Pressurized Storage

Vessel
1. Spherical
storage vessels
typically
supported on
legs.

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2. Cross-bracing
typically used to
absorb wind
and earthquake
loads.

Vertical Vessel on Lug Supports

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1. Vessel size limits

for lug supports:
1 10 ft
diameter
2:1 to 5:1
height/diameter
ratio
2. Vessel located
above grade.
3. Lugs bolted to
horizontal

Define scope of ASME Code Section

VIII : Scope of ASME Code Section VIII
Section VIII used is most widely used
code
Objective: Minimum requirements for
safe
construction and operation Assures
safe design.
Division 1, 2, and 3 Three divisions
have different emphasis.
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Section VIII Division 1

15 psig < P 3000 psig
Applies through first connection to pipe
Other exclusions
Internals (except for attachment weld
to vessel)
Fired process heaters
Pressure containers integral with
machinery
Piping systems
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Section VIII, Division 2,Alternative Rules

Differences between Division 1 and 2.

Scope identical to Division 1 but

requirements differ
Allowable stress
Stress calculations
Design
Quality control
Fabrication and inspection
Choice between Divisions 1 and 2
based on economics
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Scope of Division 3 : Alternative Rules

High Pressure Vessels

Applications over 10,000 psi

Pressure from external source,
process reaction, application of heat,
combination
of these
Does not establish maximum
pressure
limits of Division 1 or 2 or minimum
limits for Division 3.
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Structure of Section VIII,

Division 1
Subsection A
Part UG applies to all vessels
Subsection B
Requirements based on
fabrication method
Parts UW, UF, UB
Subsection C
Requirements based on material
class
Parts UCS, UNF, UHA, UCI, UCL,
UCD, UHT, ULW, ULT
Mandatory and Nonmandatory
Appendices
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Primary factors that influence pressure

vessel material selection

Strength
Corrosion Resistance
Resistance to Hydrogen Attack
Fracture Toughness
Fabricability

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Material strength and

pressure vessel design
Determines required component thickness
Overall strength determined by:
Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Creep Strength
Rupture Strength
Strength: Materials ability to withstand imposed
loading.
Higher strength material thinner component.
Describe properties that are used to define
strength.
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Importance of corrosion
resistance in
materials selection.

Deterioration of metal by chemical action

Most important factor to consider
Corrosion allowance supplies additional thickness
Alloying elements provide additional resistance to
corrosion
Corrosion is thinning of metal.
Adding extra component thickness (i.e., corrosion
allowance) is most common method to address
corrosion.
Alloy materials are used in services where
corrosion allowance would be unreasonably high if
carbon steel were used.
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Resistance to Hydrogen Attack

At 300 - 400F, monatomic hydrogen forms molecular

hydrogen in voids
Pressure buildup can cause steel to crack
Above 600F, hydrogen attack causes irreparable damage
through component Thickness
Low-temperature H2 attack can cause cracking.
Higher temperature H2 attack causes through-thickness
strength loss and is irreversible.
H2 attack is a function of H2 partial pressure and design
temperature.
Increased alloy content (i.e., Cr)
increases H2 attack resistance.
Reference API-941 for Nelson Curves.
Hydrogen attack can damage carbon and low-alloy
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steel.

Maximum Allowable Stress

Stress: Force per unit area that resists
loads
induced by external forces
Pressure vessel components designed
to
keep stress within safe operational limits
Maximum allowable stress:
Includes safety margin
Varies with temperature and material
ASME maximum allowable stress
tables for
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permitted materialsrispecifications

ASME Maximum Allowable Stress

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Design conditions and loadings to be

considered in pressure vessel mechanical
design.
Determine vessel mechanical design
Design pressure and temperature, other
loadings
Possibly multiple operating scenarios to
consider
Consider startup, normal operation,
anticipated deviations, shutdown
Worst case operating scenario
determines mechanical design.
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Design
Pressure

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Temperature Zones in Tall Vessels

Design temperature as a
mechanical design condition
1. Margin required between
operating temperature and
design temperature.
2. Maximum design temperature
needed to determine allowable
stress and thermal expansion
considerations.
3. CET needed for material
selection
considering brittle fracture.
4. There may be a wide
temperature
variation between the bottom
and
top of a tall tower.
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Additional Loadings

Weight of vessel and normal contents

under operating or test conditions
Superimposed static reactions from weight
of attached items (e.g., motors,
machinery, other vessels, piping, linings,
insulation)
Loads at attached internal components or
vessel supports
Wind, snow, seismic reactions
Highlight other loads that must be
considered in the mechanical design.
These other loads may govern the
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mechanical designsriin
local areas.

* Cyclic and dynamic reactions caused by pressure or

thermal variations, equipment pressure or thermal
variations, equipment mounted on vessel, and mechanical
loadings
* Test pressure combined with hydrostatic weight
* Impact reactions (e.g., from fluid shock)
* Temperature gradients within vessel component and
differential thermal expansion between vessel components

Weld Joint Categories

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Weld Type

Weld Joint Categories

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Weld joint efficiency vs. Joint Type,

Category, Radiographic Examination .

1. Weld joint efficiency, E, is a measure of

weld quality and accounts for stress
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Summary Of ASME Code Equations

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ASME Code equations for various

components under internal
pressure.
Circumferential stress governs minimum
required component thickness in most cases.
Longitudinal stress may govern local
thickness in some cases (e.g., under wind or
earthquake loads).
Review ASME Code equations for internal
pressure design.
* May calculate required thickness, permitted
pressure, component stress.
* Must account for corrosion allowance.
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Different types of closure heads may be used

The 2:l semielliptical head

is the most
common.

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Thickness transition
at
a hemispherical
head.

Hemispherical
Head to Shell Transition

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1. Required
thickness of a
hemispherical head
is about half that of
the connected
cylindrical shell.
2. Must have a
tapered thickness
transition in the
head to end up
matching the shell
thickness.

Problem
to
illustrate
calculatio
n
of
required
shell and
head
thickness
for
internal
pressure.

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Sample Problem 1 - Solution

1. The corrosion
allowance ( C =
0.125 in. )
must be added
to obtain the
inside radius.
2. The corrosion
allowance must
be added to
the calculated
thickness.
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1. Review the relevant

equation for a
hemispherical head.
2. Note the sources for
the relevant
parameters and how
corrosion allowance is
accounted for.
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Design For External Pressure and Compressive Stresses

Compressive forces caused by dead weight,

wind, earthquake, internal vacuum
Can cause elastic instability (buckling)
Vessel must have adequate stiffness
Extra thickness
Circumferential stiffening rings
Buckling of a shell under external pressure or
compressive forces is analogous to column
buckling under a compressive force.
Addition of stiffener rings reduces effective
buckling length.
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 ASME procedures for cylindrical shells, heads,

conical sections. Function of:
Material
Diameter
Unstiffened length
Temperature
Thickness
(Parameters that affect compressive strength)
1. Highlight the main parameters that affect
buckling strength.
2. ASME Code has design procedure for each type of
shell or head.

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Stiffener Rings

1. Stiffener rings reduce the buckling length of a

shell and may be either inside or outside.
2. Stiffener rings are
not used for heads.
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Sample Problem to illustrate calculation of

required cylindrical shell thickness for
external pressure.

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1. Corroded shell diameter

and
thickness are used in the
calculations.
2. The unstiffened length of
the shell
must include part of the head
depth.

1. Note how Factor A is determined from these curves.

2. After determine Factor A, go to applicable material chart.
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Factor A

Figure 4.12

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1. Different material charts are used for

different material types. This is chart used
for most carbon and lowalloy steels.
2. If A is under curves:
Move up to intersect with temperature
line.
Move right to get B.
B is then used to calculate allowable
external pressure.
3. Since A is to left of curves in our case,
must use alternate procedure.

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1. Pa is calculated
using indicated
equation
because A is not
under curves.
2.

Must use E from

curves at
design
temperature.

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Exercise 2 - Required
Thickness for Internal Pressure

Inside Diameter - 10 - 6
Design Pressure - 650 psig
Design Temperature - 750F
Shell & Head Material - SA-516 Gr. 70
Corrosion Allowance - 0.125 in.
2:1 Semi-Elliptical heads, seamless
100% radiography
Vessel in vapor service
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