Digital Communication :

Modulation and Coding Course

Last time we talked about:

Transforming the information source to a form

compatible with a digital system
Sampling

Quantization

Aliasing
Uniform and non-uniform

Baseband modulation

Binary pulse modulation

M-ary pulse modulation
M-PAM (M-ary Pulse amplitude modulation)

Lecture 3

Formatting and transmission of baseband signal

Digital info.
Format

Textual
source info.
Analog
info.

Bit stream
(Data bits)

Sample

Sampling at rate
f s 1 / Ts
(sampling time=Ts)

Quantize

Pulse
modulate

Encode

Encoding each q. value to

l log 2 L bits
(Data bit duration Tb=Ts/l)

Quantizing each sampled

value to one of the
L levels in quantizer.

Pulse waveforms
(baseband signals)

Mapping every m log 2 M data bits to a

symbol out of M symbols and transmitting
a baseband waveform with duration T

Information (data) rate: Rb 1 / Tb [bits/sec]

Symbol rate : R 1 / T [symbols/sec]

For real time transmission:

Lecture 3

Rb mR

Quantization example
amplitude
x(t)
111 3.1867

Quant. levels

110 2.2762
101 1.3657
100 0.4552

boundaries

011 -0.4552
010 -1.3657
001 -2.2762

xq(nTs): quantized values

x(nTs): sampled values

000 -3.1867

Ts: sampling time

PCM
codeword

110 110 111 110 100 010 011 100 100 011
Lecture 3

PCM sequence

Example of M-ary PAM

Assuming real time transmission and equal energy per
transmission data bit for binary-PAM and 4-ary PAM:
4-ary: T=2Tb and Binary: T=Tb

A2 10B 2

Binary PAM
(rectangular pulse)

4-ary PAM
(rectangular pulse)
3B

A.

T
T

10

0
-A.

T
-B

00

01
T

-3B
Lecture 3

11

Example of M-ary PAM

0

Ts

2Ts

2.2762 V
0

Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb

1.3657 V

2T

3T

4T

2T

5T

6T

3T
Lecture 3

Rb=1/Tb=3/Ts
R=1/T=1/Tb=3/Ts

Rb=1/Tb=3/Ts
R=1/T=1/2Tb=3/2Ts=1.5/Ts
6

Today we are going to talk about:

Receiver structure

Demodulation (and sampling)

Detection

First step for designing the receiver

Matched filter receiver

Correlator receiver

Lecture 3

Demodulation and detection

g i (t ) Bandpass si (t )
Pulse
Format
modulate
modulate
channel
transmitted symbol
hc (t )
mi

estimated symbol

Format

m i

Detect

M-ary modulation

i 1, , M

n(t )
Demod.
z (T ) & sample r (t )

Major sources of errors:

Thermal noise (AWGN)

disturbs the signal in an additive fashion (Additive)

has flat spectral density for all frequencies of interest (White)
is modeled by Gaussian random process (Gaussian Noise)

Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

Due to the filtering effect of transmitter, channel and receiver,

symbols are smeared.
Lecture 3

Example: Impact of the channel

Lecture 3

Example: Channel impact

hc (t ) (t ) 0.5 (t 0.75T )

Lecture 3

10

Receiver tasks

Demodulation and sampling:

Waveform recovery and preparing the received

signal for detection:

Improving the signal power to the noise power (SNR)

using matched filter
Reducing ISI using equalizer
Sampling the recovered waveform

Detection:

Estimate the transmitted symbol based on the

received sample

Lecture 3

11

Receiver structure
Step 1 waveform to sample transformation

Step 2 decision making

Demodulate & Sample

r (t )

Frequency
down-conversion

Receiving
filter

Equalizing
filter

z (T )

Threshold
comparison

Compensation for
channel induced ISI

For bandpass signals

Received waveform

Detect

Baseband pulse
(possibly distored)

Lecture 3

Baseband pulse

12

Sample
(test statistic)

m i

Baseband and bandpass

Bandpass model of detection process is

equivalent to baseband model because:

The received bandpass waveform is first

transformed to a baseband waveform.

Lecture 3

13

Steps in designing the receiver

Find optimum solution for receiver design with the

following goals:
1. Maximize SNR
2. Minimize ISI

Steps in design:
.
.

Model the received signal

Find separate solutions for each of the goals.

First, we focus on designing a receiver which

maximizes the SNR.

Lecture 3

14

Design the receiver filter to maximize the SNR

Model the received signal

si (t )

r (t ) si (t ) h c (t ) n(t )

r (t )

hc (t )

n(t )
AWGN

Simplify the model:

Received signal in AWGN

Ideal channels
hc (t ) (t )

r (t )

si (t )

r (t ) si (t ) n(t )

n(t )
AWGN
Lecture 3

15

Matched filter receiver

Problem:

Design the receiver filter h(t ) such that the SNR is

maximized at the sampling time when si (t ), i 1,..., M
is transmitted.

Solution:

The optimum filter, is the Matched filter, given by

*

h(t ) hopt (t ) si (T t )
*
H ( f ) H opt ( f ) S i ( f ) exp( j 2fT )
which is the time-reversed and delayed version of the conjugate
of the transmitted signal
h(t ) hopt (t )

si (t )
0

0
Lecture 3

t
16

Example of matched filter

si (t )

h opt (t )

A
T

A2

A
T

si (t )

h opt (t )

A
T

A
T

T/2 T
A
T

y (t ) si (t ) h opt (t )

2T

T 3T/2 2T

y (t ) si (t ) h opt (t )
A2

T/2 T
A
T

Lecture 3

0 T/2

A2
2

17

Properties of the matched filter

The Fourier transform of a matched filter output with the matched signal as input
is, except for a time delay factor, proportional to the ESD of the input signal.

Z ( f ) | S ( f ) |2 exp( j 2fT )
The output signal of a matched filter is proportional to a shifted version of the
autocorrelation function of the input signal to which the filter is matched.

z (t ) Rs (t T ) z (T ) Rs (0) Es
The output SNR of a matched filter depends only on the ratio of the signal energy
to the PSD of the white noise at the filter input.

Es
S

N T N 0 / 2operation:
Two matching conditions in the matched-filtering
max

spectral phase matching that gives the desired output peak at time T.
spectral amplitude matching that gives optimum SNR to the peak value.

Lecture 3

18

Correlator receiver

The matched filter output at the sampling time,

can be realized as the correlator output.

z (T ) hopt (T ) r (T )
T

r ( )si ( )d r (t ), s (t )
*

Lecture 3

19

Implementation of matched filter receiver

Bank of M matched filters

*
1

s (T t )

r (t )
*

sM (T t )

z1 (T )

z1


z M

Matched filter output:

z Observation
vector

z M (T )

zi r (t ) s i (T t ) i 1,..., M
z ( z1 (T ), z 2 (T ),..., z M (T )) ( z1 , z 2 ,..., z M )

Lecture 3

20

Implementation of correlator receiver

Bank of M correlators
s 1 (t )

z1 (T )

r (t )
s

(t )
0

z1


z M

Correlators output:
z Observation
vector

z M (T )

z ( z1 (T ), z 2 (T ),..., z M (T )) ( z1 , z 2 ,..., z M )
T

zi r (t )si (t )dt

i 1,..., M

Lecture 3

21

Implementation example of matched filter

receivers
s1 (t )

Bank of 2 matched filters

A
T

z1 (T )

A
T

r (t )

z1

s2 (t )

0
A
T

z2

z 2 (T )

A
T

Lecture 3

22