Gases

Chapter 5

CopyrightTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.

Elementsthatexistasgasesat250Cand1atmosphere

5.1

5.1

PhysicalCharacteristicsofGases

Gasesassumethevolumeandshapeoftheircontainers.

Gasesarethemostcompressiblestateofmatter.

Gaseswillmixevenlyandcompletelywhenconfinedto
thesamecontainer.

Gaseshavemuchlowerdensitiesthanliquidsandsolids.

5.1

Force
Pressure= Area
(force=massxacceleration)

UnitsofPressure
1pascal(Pa)=1N/m2
1atm=760mmHg=760torr
1atm=101,325Pa
Barometer

5.2

10 miles

4 miles
Sea level

0.2 atm

0.5 atm
1 atm

5.2

Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures

5.2

Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between

Pressure and Volume of a Gas

AsP(h)increases

Vdecreases

5.3

BoylesLaw

P1/V
PxV=constant
P1xV1=P2xV2

Constanttemperature
Constantamountofgas
5.3

Asampleofchlorinegasoccupiesavolumeof946mL
atapressureof726mmHg.Whatisthepressureof
thegas(inmmHg)ifthevolumeisreducedatconstant
temperatureto154mL?

P x V = constant
P1xV1=P2xV2
P1=726mmHg

P2=?

V1=946mL

V2=154mL

P1xV1
726mmHgx946mL
P2=
=
=4460mmHg
154mL
V2
5.3

AsTincreases

Vincreases

5.3

Variationofgasvolumewithtemperature
atconstantpressure.

Charles&
Gay-Lussacs
Law

VT
V=constantxT
V1/T1=V2/T2

Temperaturemustbe
inKelvin
T(K)=t(0C)+273.15

5.3

Asampleofcarbonmonoxidegasoccupies3.20Lat
1250C.Atwhattemperaturewillthegasoccupya
volumeof1.54Lifthepressureremainsconstant?

V1/T1=V2/T2
V1=3.20L

V2=1.54L

T1=398.15K

T2=?

T1=125(0C)+273.15(K)=398.15K
V2xT1
T2=
=
V1

1.54Lx398.15K
3.20L

=192K
5.3

AvogadrosLaw
Vnumberofmoles(n)
V=constantxn

Constanttemperature
Constantpressure

V1/n1=V2/n2

5.3

Ammoniaburnsinoxygentoformnitricoxide(NO)
andwatervapor.HowmanyvolumesofNOare
obtainedfromonevolumeofammoniaatthesame
temperatureandpressure?

4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O
1moleNH31moleNO
AtconstantTandP
1volumeNH31volumeNO

5.3

5.3

5.3

5.3

IdealGasEquation
1
Boyleslaw:V(atconstantnandT)
P
Charleslaw:VT(atconstantnandP)
Avogadroslaw:Vn(atconstantPandT)
nT
V
P

nT
nT
V=constantx=R
P
P

Risthegas constant

PV=nRT
5.4

Theconditions00Cand1atmarecalledstandard
temperature and pressure (STP).
ExperimentsshowthatatSTP,1moleofanideal
gasoccupies22.414L.

PV = nRT
(1atm)(22.414L)
PV
R=
=
nT
(1mol)(273.15K)
R=0.082057Latm/(molK)
5.4

Whatisthevolume(inliters)occupiedby49.8gofHCl
atSTP?
T=00C=273.15K

PV = nRT
nRT
V=
P
V=

P = 1 atm
1molHCl
n=49.8gx
=1.37mol
36.45gHCl

Latm
1.37molx0.0821x273.15K
molK

1atm

V=30.6L
5.4

Argonisaninertgasusedinlightbulbstoretardthe
vaporizationofthefilament.Acertainlightbulb
containingargonat1.20atmand180Cisheatedto
850Catconstantvolume.Whatisthefinalpressureof
argoninthelightbulb(inatm)?

PV=nRT

n, V and Rare constant

nR
= P =constant
T
V
P1
P2
=
T1
T2

P1=1.20atm
T1 =291K

P2=?
T2 =358K

T2
=1.20atmx 358K =1.48atm
P2=P1 x
291K
T1
5.4

Density(d)Calculations
PM
m
d=
=
V
RT

m isthemassofthegasing
Misthemolarmassofthegas

MolarMass(M )ofaGaseousSubstance
dRT
M=
P

disthedensityofthegasing/L

5.4

A2.10-Lvesselcontains4.65gofagasat1.00atm
and27.00C.Whatisthemolarmassofthegas?

dRT
M=
P

M=

g
2.21
L

4.65g
g
m
=
=2.21 L
d=
V 2.10L
Latm
x0.0821x300.15K
molK

1atm

M= 54.6g/mol

5.4

GasStoichiometry

WhatisthevolumeofCO2producedat370Cand1.00
atmwhen5.60gofglucoseareusedupinthereaction:
C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)
gC6H12O6molC6H12O6molCO2VCO2
5.60gC6H12O6 x

6molCO2
1molC6H12O6
x
=0.187molCO2
180gC6H12O6
1molC6H12O6

Latm
0.187molx0.0821x310.15K
nRT
molK
V=
=
1.00atm
P

=4.76L
5.5

DaltonsLawofPartialPressures

VandT
are
constant

P1

P2

Ptotal = P1+P2
5.6

Consideracaseinwhichtwogases,AandB,areina
containerofvolumeV.

nART
PA=
V

nAisthenumberofmolesofA

nBRT
PB=
V

nBisthenumberofmolesofB

PT=PA+PB
PA=XAPT

nA
XA=
nA+nB

nB
XB=
nA+nB

PB=XBPT

Pi=XiPT

mole fraction (Xi) =

ni
nT
5.6

Asampleofnaturalgascontains8.24molesofCH4,
0.421molesofC2H6,and0.116molesofC3H8.Ifthe
totalpressureofthegasesis1.37atm,whatisthe
partialpressureofpropane(C3H8)?

Pi=XiPT

PT=1.37atm

0.116
Xpropane=
8.24+0.421+0.116

=0.0132

Ppropane=0.0132x1.37atm =0.0181atm

5.6

Bottle full of oxygen

gas and water vapor

2KClO3(s)2KCl(s)+3O2(g)

PT=PO
+PHO
2
2

5.6

5.6

Chemistry in Action:
ScubaDivingandtheGasLaws

Depth(ft)

Pressure
(atm)

33

66

5.6

KineticMolecularTheoryofGases
1. Agasiscomposedofmoleculesthatareseparatedfrom
eachotherbydistancesfargreaterthantheirown
dimensions.Themoleculescanbeconsideredtobepoints;
thatis,theypossessmassbuthavenegligiblevolume.
2. Gasmoleculesareinconstantmotioninrandomdirections,
andtheyfrequentlycollidewithoneanother.Collisions
amongmoleculesareperfectlyelastic.
3. Gasmoleculesexertneitherattractivenorrepulsiveforces
ononeanother.
4. Theaveragekineticenergyofthemoleculesisproportional
tothetemperatureofthegasinkelvins.Anytwogasesat
thesametemperaturewillhavethesameaveragekinetic
energy
KE=mu2
5.7

Kinetictheoryofgasesand
CompressibilityofGases
BoylesLaw
Pcollisionratewithwall
Collisionratenumberdensity
Numberdensity1/V
P1/V

CharlesLaw
Pcollisionratewithwall
Collisionrateaveragekineticenergyofgasmolecules
AveragekineticenergyT
PT
5.7

Kinetictheoryofgasesand
AvogadrosLaw
Pcollisionratewithwall
Collisionratenumberdensity
Numberdensityn
Pn

DaltonsLawofPartialPressures
Moleculesdonotattractorrepeloneanother
Pexertedbyonetypeofmoleculeisunaffectedbythe
presenceofanothergas
Ptotal=Pi

5.7

Apparatusforstudyingmolecularspeeddistribution

5.7

Thedistributionofspeeds
ofthreedifferentgases
atthesametemperature

Thedistributionofspeeds
fornitrogengasmolecules
atthreedifferenttemperatures

urms=

3RT
M
5.7

Chemistry in Action: Super Cold Atoms

GaseousRbAtoms
1.7x10-7K
Bose-EinsteinCondensate

Gas diffusionisthegradualmixingofmoleculesofonegas
withmoleculesofanotherbyvirtueoftheirkineticproperties.
r1
r2

M2
M1

NH4Cl

NH3
17g/mol

HCl
36g/mol
5.7

Gas effusionistheistheprocessbywhichgasunder
pressureescapesfromonecompartmentofacontainerto
anotherbypassingthroughasmallopening.
r1
r2

t2
t1

M2
M1

Nickelformsagaseouscompoundoftheformula
Ni(CO)x.Whatisthevalueofxgiventhatunderthesame
conditionsmethane(CH4)effuses3.3timesfasterthan
thecompound?
r1 2
r1=3.3xr2
xM1 =(3.3)2x16=174.2
M2=
r2
x=4.1~4
58.7+x 28=174.2
M1=16g/mol

( )

5.7

DeviationsfromIdealBehavior

1moleofidealgas
PV=nRT
PV =1.0
n=
RT

RepulsiveForces

AttractiveForces

5.8

Effectofintermolecularforcesonthepressureexertedbyagas.

5.8

Van der Waals equation

nonidealgas
2
an
( P+(Vnb)=nRT
V2 )

corrected
pressure

corrected
volume

5.8