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0 Type of Irrigation
3.1 Types of Irrigation
i.Surface Irrigation:
Flow
irrigation: flow type which is
driven/governed by action of gravity, only. Flow
irrigation can be further subdivided in to
Perennial irrigation:
irrigation constant/continuous water
supply is assured to the crops in accordance with
the requirements of the crop. In this system of
irrigation, water is supplied through storage canal
head works and canal distribution system.
Flood irrigation/
irrigation inundation irrigation: soil is
kept submerged and thoroughly flooded with
water, so as to cause thorough saturation of the'
land.
Application
B. Check flooding
- is similar to ordinary flooding except that the
water is controlled by surrounding the check
area with low and flat levees.
- Levees are constructed along the contours and
are connected with cross-levees at convenient
places.
C. Basin
a level area surrounded by ridges (bounds, dikes)
to guide water as it flows from one end to the
other to prevent from leaving the field.
field
A basin is typically square in shape but exists in
all sorts of irregular and rectangular (small or
large) configurations.
is a special type of check flooding
Basin irrigation is suited to different crops , such
as, rice, cotton, groundnuts etc.
Suitable to soils of moderate to low intake rate
(50 mm/h or less) having smooth, gentle and
uniform land slopes.
slopes
The method is especially adapted to irrigation of
grain and fodder crops in heavy soils where water
is absorbed very slowly and is required to stand
for a relatively long time to ensure adequate
D. Border
E. use of parallel earth rides to guide a sheet of flowing
water across a field. The land between two levees is
called a border strip,
strip simply called a border.
F. Border irrigation is a more controlled version of wild
flooding with additional field ditches that serve as
supply sources for applying water to the field.
G. The Ridge that divided the land into a number of strips,
separated by low levees should be sufficient high to
prevent overtopping during irrigation
H. The land areas confined in each strip is of the order-of 330m in width and 100m to 800m in length.
I. To prevent water from concentrating on either side of
the border, the land should be leveled perpendicular to
the flow.
flow
J. Water is made to flow from the supply ditch into each
strip. The water flows slowly towards the lower end,
end and
infiltrates into the soil as it advances. When the
advancing water reaches the lower end of the strip, the
e. Furrow
refers to water that is discharged into and runs down
small sloping channels which are cut or pressed into the
soil.
soil
The two most common furrow irrigation systems are the
straight and graded furrow irrigation.
Water infiltrates from the bottom and sides of furrows
moving laterally downward to wet the soil and to move
soluble salts, fertilizers and herbicides carried in the
water.
In flooding methods,
methods described above, water covers the
entire surface;
surface while in furrow irrigation only 1/5 to of
land surface is wetted with water.
When properly designed and operated,
operated furrow irrigation
systems may result in a good performance.
The wide variations in furrow cross-section types as well
as the two dimensional nature of the infiltration process
In surface irrigation:
water is applied directly to the soil surface from a channel
located at the upper reach of the field.
Gravity provides the major driving force to spread water over
the irrigated field. Once distributed over the surface of the field
and after it has entered the soil, water is often redistributed by
forces other than gravity.
In a surface irrigation event, four distinct hydraulic phases can
be discerned:
oAdvance phase: the time interval between the start of
irrigation and arrival of the advancing (wetting) front at the
lower end of the field.
oPonding (wetting storage or continuing) phase: the
irrigation time extending between the end of advance and
inflow cutoff. The term Wetting phase is usually used for
3.4.2
Surface irrigation Design inputs (System
Parameters and System Variables)
Two types of design data inputs in surface irrigation:
ofield parameters :
The designer can manipulate decision variables.
variables They include
flow rate, the field dimensions and cut-off time.
odecision variables.
oThe designer cannot influence Field parameters;
parameters they are
measured or assumed properties of the given situation.
oThey primarily consist of the soil infiltration characteristics,
the flow resistance, the required net application depth, and the
field slopes (for borders and furrows).