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Enzymes
ENZYME CHARACTERISTICS
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions.
They speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation
energies.
ENZYME COFACTORS
Some enzymes require a second substance present
(cofactor) in order to be active.
Cofactors can be a nonprotein molecule or ion.
If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a
coenzyme.
An apoenzyme is the catalytically inactive protein formed
by the removal of the cofactor.
ENZYME MECHANISM
All enzymes have an active site the location on the
enzyme where a substrate binds and catalysis occurs.
Enzymes complex with the substrate and the chemical
reaction proceeds.
ENZYME ACTIVITY
Rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction.
Turnover number number of substrate molecules acted
on by one enzyme molecule per minute
Enzyme international unit quantity of enzyme that
catalyzes the conversion of 1 mol of substrate per minute
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FACTORS, cont.
Increasing substrate concentration increases the
reaction rate until enzymes become saturated (Vmax)
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FACTORS, cont.
Temperature enzymes have an optimum temperature,
above which they begin to denature
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FACTORS, cont.
pH enzymes have optimum pHs, above and below which
the rate decreases
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ENZYME INHIBITION
Inhibitors decrease enzyme activity.
Irreversible inhibitors covalently bond with the enzyme and
render it inactive.
Many poisons are irreversible inhibitors.
Examples: CN-, Hg2+, Pb2+
Some antibiotics are irreversible inhibitors.
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INHIBITION, cont.
Reversible inhibitors reversibly bind with enzymes.
Competitive reversible inhibitors compete with substrate
for binding at active site.
Action can be reversed by increasing substrate
concentration (LeChteliers principle).
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INHIBITION, cont.
Noncompetitive reversible inhibitors bind to the enzyme at
a location other than the active site.
Substrate concentration doesnt affect inhibitor action.
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ENZYME REGULATION
1. Activation of zymogens an inactive precursor of an
enzyme
Some enzymes are stored as inactive zymogens.
Released when needed and activated at the location
where the reaction occurs.
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REGULATION, cont.
2. Allosteric regulation allosteric enzyme activity is altered
by the binding of a modulator
Modulators can increase allosteric enzyme activity
(activator) or decrease it (inhibitor).
Feedback inhibition is an example of a modulator
decreasing the activity of an allosteric enzyme.
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REGULATION, cont.
3. Enzyme Induction the synthesis of an enzyme in
response to a cellular need
This is an example of genetic control.
Synthesis of -galactosidase is an example of enzyme
induction.
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MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Changes in blood serum concentrations of specific
enzymes can be used to detect cell damage or
uncontrolled growth (cancer).
The measurement of enzyme concentrations in blood
serum has become a major diagnostic tool, particularly in
diagnosing diseases of the heart, liver, pancreas, prostate,
and bones.
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