Alexander Fleming

A nobel prize winner known for his discovery of the

drug penicillin. He improved testing and treating
syphilis and the Wassermann test. Coined the term,
lysozyme, an enzyme in mucus capable of
bacteriolysis, therefore opening a new field in
immunological research and renewing hopes about
finding a non toxic antiseptic. (AAI)

Nicolas Maurice Arthus, 1903

Born on January 9, 1862 and died on
February 24, 1945.
He was a French immunologist and
physiologist. The Arthus reaction of
intermediate hypersensitivity, a
localized inflammatory response, is
named after him.
Apart from the reaction named after
him, Arthus is best known for his
work on anaphylaxis. Also, he studied
snake venom and the role of calcium
on the coagulation of blood.

Gerhard Domagk
A German pathologist
and bacteriologist who
received a Nobel Prize
in Medicine in 1939 for
discovering
Sulfonamidochrysoidine
(KI-730).

Karl Landsteiner
Abo blood group
Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups in 1900
and laid the foundation for the modern medical practice of
blood transfusion. The ABO blood groups have a role in
physiology beyond their importance for blood transfusion.
In the past few years, red cell antigens (A and B
carbohydrate structures) have been found on a variety of
cells, tissues and proteins, indicating that these antigens
might be involved in different physiological processes

Bruce Beutler & Jules Hoffman

- Revolutionized the understanding of the
immune system by discovering key
principles of its activation
- Discovered receptor proteins that can
recognize microorganisms and activate
innate immunity
- Opened up new avenues for the
development of prevention and therapy
against infection, cancer and inflammatory
diseases
Jules Hoffman

Charles Richet
(25 August 1850 4 December 1935)
Dr. Richet won the Nobel Prize "in recognition of
his work on anaphylaxis" in 1913.
Dr. Richet devoted many years to the study of
paranormal and spiritualist phenomena, coining
the term "ectoplasm".

Charles Alphonse Laveran

Alphonse Laveran, the Nobel Prize
winner for discovering the causative
agent of Malaria, was born in Paris on
June 1845. The discovery happened
at the military hospital in Constantine
he observed "on the edges of a
pigmented spherical body, filiform
elements which move with great
vivacity, displacing the neighboring
red blood cells. Additionally, Laveran
saw the exflagellation of a male
gametocyte by accident. The motility
he saw from the sample convinced
him that he had found the agent
causing malaria. He was awarded in
1907 and died in 1922.

Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M.

Zinkernagel
Won the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in
1996 for their discovery
of how the immune
system recognizes virusinfected cells. They used
mice to study how the
immune system could
protect animals against
infection from a virus
able to cause meningitis.

Shinya Yamanaka
Born: September 4, 1962, Osaka, Japan
Affiliation at the time of the award: Kyoto University and
Gladstone institutes

Reprogramming of Mature Cells

Our lives begin when a fertilized egg divides and forms new cells
that, in turn, also divide. These cells are identical in the beginning,
but become increasingly varied over time. As a result of this
process, our cells become specialized for their location in the body
perhaps in a nerve, a muscle, or a kidney. It was long thought that a
mature or specialized cell could not return to an immature state,
but this has been proven incorrect.
In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka succeeded in identifying a small number
of genes within the genome of mice that proved decisive in this
process. When activated, skin cells from mice could be
reprogrammed to immature steam cells, which, in turn, can grow
into all types of cells within the body. In the long-term, these
discoveries may lead to new medical treatments.

Gnter Blobel
- The Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine 1999
was awarded to Gnter
Blobel"for the discovery
that proteins have intrinsic
signals that govern their
transport and localization in
the cell".

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
- Aka Cell Signalling
- transmission of molecular
signals from a cell's exterior to
its interior

Barbara McClintock - 1983

"for her
discovery of
mobilegenetic
elements"

LATORRE, C

Susumu Tonegawa (1939Present)

The Nobel Prize in
Physiology
or
Medicine 1987 was
awarded to Susumu
Tonegawa"for his
discovery of the
genetic principle
for generation of
antibody
diversity".

The Nobel Prize in Physiology

or Medicine 1905 was
awarded to Robert Koch "for
his investigations and
discoveries in relation to
tuberculosis". The German
physician and scientist
presented his discovery of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
which is the bacterium that
causes the said disease.

Koch showed tissue

dissections from guinea pigs
which were infected with
tuberculous material from
the lungs of infected apes,
from the brains and lungs of
humans who had died from
blood-borne tuberculosis,
from the cheesy masses in
lungs of chronically infected
patients and from the
abdominal cavities of cattle
infected with TB. In all cases,
the disease which had
developed in the
experimentally infected
guinea pigs was the same,

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet &

Peter Brian Medawar
SIR FRANK MACFARLANE BRUNET
Australian Immunologist and Virologist
Most of his significant work in Science were made in Immunology
How the body recognizes the difference between the self and the
non-self
He helped unravel the question of how the vertebrate
immune systemlearns to distinguish between its own cells and
foreign materials (antigens), such as those of infectious agents, and
how during development a vertebrate becomes able to tolerate
those components belonging to itselfthe concept called
immunological tolerance. The areas of vaccine development, tissue
transplantation, and the development of monoclonal antibody and
associated therapies, have all developed through Burnets initial
work.

PETER MEDAWAR
British Biologist
Medawar provided experimental evidence that confirmed Burnet's
theory of immunological tolerance, which hypothesized that the
concept of "self" was defined by the immune system during
embryogenesis.
He performed tissue grafts on twin calves and in mice.
Foreign tissue was introduced into mouse embryos whilst still in the
womb, and the young mice were then allowed to develop normally.

The Nobel Prize in

Physiology or Medicine
1960 was awarded jointly
to Sir Frank Macfarlane
Burnet and Peter Brian
Medawar"for discovery of
acquired immunological
tolerance, which paved
the way for successful
organ and tissue
transplantation.

 Barry Marshall (September 30, 1951)

Robin Warren (June 11, 1937)
Both discovered that Helicobacter pylori are underlying causes of
gastritis.
Marshall, at one point, became desperate in order to prove the
presence of H. pylori in gastritis that he drank a broth that contains
samples of H. pylori that came from an infected patient.
He performed that dangerous procedure since during the early
1980's, established doctors and scientists are not convinced that
bacteria can cause gastritis since it is known that they cannot survive
in acidic environment.
Marshall also indicated that innate immunity can sometimes
eradicate acute H. pylori infection since he did not develop antibodies
for it.
Both (Marshall and Warren) were awarded with the Nobel Prize for

Rodney Robert Porter

Won the nobel price for medicine

withGerald M. Edelman
They discovered the chemical
structure of an antibody
Used papain to break the bloods
immunoglobulin

Joseph E. Murray

E. Donnall
Thomas

December 23, 1954: Richard Herrick

became the first human to receive a
successful organ transplant when he was
given a kidney from his identical twin
brother, Ronald.
Joseph E. Murray pioneered in the study of
transplant techniques, mechanisms of
organ rejection and use of drugs to
prevent it.
E. Donnall Thomas developed bone
marrow transplant
1959: First successful transplant to a non
identical recipient using the drug Imuran
(azathiprine) developed by Murray and
other researchers
1962: First transplant using a cadaver
kidney
1990: Murray and Thomas shared the
Nobel Prize credited with making
discoveries crucial for those tens of
thousands of severely ill patients who

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

and Paul Ehrlich 1908
The Nobel prize was awarded to them in recognition of their work
on immunity, specifically on phagocytosis (Mechnikov) and
cellular and humoral immunity (Ehrlich).
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was the first to describe phagocytosis of
invading pathogens by specialized blood cells macrophages and
neutrophils while Paul Ehrlich developed the concept of the sidechain theory of antibody formation.

Franois Jacob, Andr Lwoff, & Jacques

Monod
"for their discoveries concerning genetic
control of enzyme and virus synthesis".

Charles Jules Henri Nicolle

Born: 21 September 1866

Died: 28 February 1936

Physician, Microbiologist, Novelist, Philosopher, and Historian

Pediculus humanis corporis

the summer of 1909

1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

the most important and the least explored.

triad of fever, rash, and stuporand of its link to poverty

war typhus and jail typhus or jail fever

their very clothes seemed to spread the disease. Once he realized this, he
reasoned that it was most likely thevectorfor epidemic typhus.

Pan troglodyteswith typhus.

Charles Huggins
-Nobel Prize for
Physiology or
Medicine in 1966
- hormonal
treatment of
prostatic cancer

George Davis
Snell
1980 Nobel Prize winner
Awarded the Nobel Prize along with 2 other
immunologists (B. Benacerraf and J. Dausett)
Contributed in the discovery concerning
genetically determined structures on the cell
surface that regulate immunological reactions
Specifically discovered the genetic factors that
determine the possibilities of transplanting tissue
from one individual to another.
Introduced the concept of H antigen.

Salvador Edward Luria, M.D. (19121991)

1969 Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or

Medicine jointly with Max Delbrck and Alfred
Hershey (AAI '42) for "their discoveries
concerning the replication mechanism and the
genetic structure of viruses.
Addressed the question of whether bacteria
develop resistance to viruses called
bacteriophage in a process of spontaneous
mutation or through an adaptive response to
bacteriophage infection
Carried out the well-known Luria-Delbrck
experiment (or Fluctuation Test), which
demonstrated that random mutations arose in
bacteria and provided resistance to
bacteriophage infection but were not a
response to selection.
Discovered that certain bacteriophage grew
well in specific host bacterial strains but grew
poorly in other strains

The Nobel
Prize in
Physiolog
y or
Medicine
1954
For
their
discovery
of the
ability of
poliomyeliti
s viruses to
grow in
cultures of
various

JAN KLEIN
A Czech-American immunologist
Best known for work in major
histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- consists of two principal kinds
of
gene: class I and class II genes
- described the product of class II genes:
molecules
that
control
antibody
production level
MHC plays a critical role in the adaptive
immune response (AIS)

Rodney Robert Porter

Gerald Maurice
Edelman

In 1972, Porter shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology

with Gerald M. Edelman for determining the chemical structure of
an antibody. Using the enzyme papain, he broke the
immunoglobin found in blood into fragments, making them easier
to study. He also looked into how the immunoglobins react with
cellular surfaces. On the other hand, using experimental data from
his own research and the work of others, Edelman developed
molecular models of antibody proteins. A key feature of these
models included the idea that the antigen binding domains of
antibodies include amino acids from both the light and heavy
protein subunits. The inter-chain disulfide bonds help bring
together the two parts of the antigen binding domain.

Ralph M. Steinman
1943-2011

Known for his discovery of

the dendritic cell and its
role in adaptive immunity.
Notable awards:
Robert Koch Prize(1999)
Gairdner Foundation International
Award(2003)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine(2011)

Julius WagnerJauregg
(1840 - 1940)

Works
Won a noble prize for his
discovery of the therapeutic
value of malaria inoculation
in the treatment of
dementia paralytica".
his main work that concerned
Wagner-Jauregg throughout
his working life was the
endeavour to cure mental
disease by inducing a fever
(pyrotherapy)

2008 Nobel Prize:

Franoise Barr-Sinoussi and Luc
Montagnier
Discovered Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1925-2011)

Baruch Samuel Blumberg was a biochemist and a

medical anthropologist from Brooklyn, New York.
During the 1950s, Blumberg studied inherited
variations in humans; he concentrated on why some
people contracted diseases in similar environments
that others did not. While he was studying jaundice in
1964, a surface antigen for hepatitis B in the blood of
an Australian Aborigine was discovered. He and his
team have also found out that hepatitis B could cause
liver cancer. They were able to develop screening
tests, which prevents the spread in blood transfusion,
and developed a vaccine as well. Blumberg freely
distributed his patented discovery so that drug
companies could field his study. He was awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize in Medicine (1967) for "discoveries

Daniel Bovet
Discovered drugs that block the actions of specific
neurotransmitters
Antihistamine
Used for allergy medication

Jacques Francis Albert Pierre

Miller
He is famous for having discovered the
function of the thymus and for the
identification, in mammalian species of
the two major subsets of lymphocytes ( T
cells and B cells) and their function.

Jules Bordet, M.D.

awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine "for his
discoveries relating to
immunity," including the
discovery of complement, the
development of complement
fixation tests, and the
identification of the bacterium
that causes whooping cough

Emil von Behring

(1901)
Won the First Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine
Founder of Serum Therapy
Together with Erich
Wernicke, developed the
first effective therapeutic
serum against diphtheria
Together with Shibasaburo
Kitasato, developed an
effective therapeutic
serum against tetanus

Emil von Behring won the First Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicine in 1901
He became an assistant at the Institute for Infectious
Diseases, headed by Robert Koch
And started his studies with experiments on the
development of a therapeutic serum
In 1890, together with ERICH WERNICKE, he had managed
to develop the first effective therapeutic serum against
DIPHTHERIA
At the same time, together with SHIBASABURO KITASATO,
he developed an effective therapeutic serum against
TETANUS
The researchers immunized rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits
with attenuated (WEAKENED) forms of the infectious
agents causing diphtheria and alternatively, tetanus.
The sera produced by these animals were injected into
non-immunized animals that were previously infected with
the fully virulent bacteria
The ill animals could be cured through the administration
of the serum.
The toxins produced by the bacteria could be rendered
harmless by the serum of animals immunized with
attenuated forms of the infectious agent through antidotes
or antitoxins.
The first successful therapeutic serum treatment of a child
suffering from diphtheria occurred in 1891. However,
during the first few years, there was no successful
breakthrough for this form of therapy, as the antitoxins

Selman Abraham Waksman

July 1888 August 1973

Selman Waksman changed the course of medical history

while investigating how soil microbes defended themselves
against invaders.

Rosalyn Yalow
Nobel Prize for her work in the development
of the RADIOIMMUNOASSAY

began using radioactive isotopes to examine and

diagnose various disease conditions
investigations into the mechanism underlying type
IIdiabetesled to the development of RIA
Together with Berson, they theorized that the
foreigninsulinstimulated
the
production
ofantibodies, which became bound to the insulin
and prevented the hormone from entering cells and
carrying out its function of metabolizing glucose.
Combined
techniques
in
immunology
and
radioisotope to trace minute amounts of antibodies
RIA could be used to measure hundreds of other
biologically active substances, such as viruses,
drugs, and other proteins
RIA is now used in screening of blood in blood
banks for hepatitis virus and the determination of
effective dosage levels of drugs and antibiotics

Harald zur Hausen

is a German virologist and professor emeritus. He
has done research on cancer of the cervix, where
he discovered the role of papilloma viruses, for
which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine 2008. This HPV transmission can
cause genital warts or abnormal cell changes in
the cervix and other genital areas that can lead
to cancer.

In 1989, John Michael Bishop and Harold

E. Varmus
won a Noble Prize for their discovery of the cellular
origin of retroviral oncogenes. They used an oncogenic
retrovirus to identify the growth-controlling oncogenes
in normal cells. They used chicken Rous Sarcoma Virus
carrying the oncogene called v-src and was proved that
this is an intronless version of a normal chicken gene
called c-src. This illustrates that viruses contain a
cancer-causing gene derived from the genome of the
organism they studied.

Francis Peyton Rous

1879 - 1970

This is a photograph of Peyton Rous

(Francis Peyton Rous, 18791970), who
in 190911 made 2 seminal discoveries
that are now the foundation blocks of
modern virology and oncology.

MAX THEILER (1951)

In 1951, Max Theiler of the Rockefeller
Foundation received the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of an
effective vaccine against yellow fever. Yellow
fever is an infectious disease that leads to
damage of many organs in the body, frequently
due to severe bleeding.A mosquito
vector,Aedes aegypti, was critical in the
dissemination of the disease. With the
development of a safe and effective vaccine by
Theiler in 1937, the urban form of the disease
was eliminated.

Donnall Thomas
Father of Bone Marrow
Transplantation
Donor-Recipient
Compatibility
Exploited the graft-versustumor effect
Reduce severe reactions
due to graft-versus-host
disease

Stanley B.
Prusiner
American neurologist and biochemist Stanley
Prusiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1997
for his discovery of prions as an infectious
agent. His research began in 1972 after one of
his patients died of dementia resulting from
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The infectious agent
was unknown and was found to be absent of
nucleic acid. Ten years later, he along with his
colleagues were able to isolate the infectious
agent comprised of a single protein from
diseased hamster brains; the protein was
named
as
prion,
from
the
acronym
proteinaceous infectious particle.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicine 2002 was awarded
jointly to Sydney Brenner, H.
Robert Horvitz and John E.
Sulston"for their discoveries
concerning genetic regulation of
organ development and
programmed cell death".

DONES, John Erick

David Baltimore, Howard

Martin Temin, Renato
Dulbecco
These three won the Nobel Prize in Physiology
or
Medicine in 1975 due to their discovery of
Reverse Transcriptase and their fundamental
work about the interaction of hos nucleic acids
and tumor viruses.
Their research has helped the medical and
scientific field to better understand widespread
viral diseases such as AIDS and Hepatitis B.

Csar Milstein, Georges J.F. Khler

and Niels K. Jerne (1984)
In 1984, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine was awarded jointly to Niels K. Jerne,
Georges J.F. Khler and Csar Milstein"for
theories
concerning
the
specificity
in
development and control of the immune system
and the discovery of the principle for production
of monoclonal antibodies". This discovery led to
an enormous expansion in the exploitation of
antibodies in science and medicine. Jerne's
theories provided a clearer image of how the
immune system engages antibodies to fight
invaders.
While
Khler
and
Milstein's
techniques for producing specific antibodies on
demand helped to create better diagnostic tests
and new treatments against diseases.

MYELOMA
PROTEINS
as model
for Ab and
Ig
and
AUTOIMM
UNE
DISEASES
(Rheumat
oid athriti
s&
Lupus)

 MYELOMA PROTEINS
as model for Ab and
Ig
and
AUTOIMMUNE
DISEASES
(Rheumatoid athritis
& Lupus)

HENRY G.
KUNKEL

He proposed that
myeloma
proteins
could
serve as models for normal
immunoglobulins
and
antibodies.this had been
proved correct changed the
course of immunology. He
used myeloma proteins to
decipher the chain structure
of
immunoglobulins
and
antibodies.
This
chain
structure
al
lowed
the
definition of immunoglobulin
classes,
subclasses
and
genetic markers, which led

His work substantially impacted our understanding and

subsequent treatment of chronic liver disease, systemic
lupus
erythematosus,rheumatoid
arthritis,
primary
immunodeficiency
disorders,
and
lymphoproliferative
diseases.
His work in SLE was directly related to the liver disease
syndromes associated with hypergammaglobulinemia and
arthritis. He realized SLE as a distinct clinical and pathologic
entity with no dominant liver manifestations. His laboratory
demonstrated that SLE resulted from the mounting of an
autoimmune response against nuclear constituents.
In RA, IgG-IgG complexes involving IgG rheumatoid factor
were detected in high concentrations in synovial fluids of
these patients, and he realized that these might play a
significant role in complement activation and inflammation.

Jean Baptiste Gabriel Joachim

Dausset, M.D.
Born on October 19, 1916 in Toulouse,
France, and died on June 6, 2009 in Palma,
Majorca, Spain
Awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine jointly with Baruj
Benacerraf and George Snell
Discovered the major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) in humans
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) group

PROSTAGLANDIN
The Nobel Prize in Medicine 1982
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982
was awarded jointly to Sune Bergstrom
(Swedish), Bengt Samuelsson (Swedish), and
John Vane (British) for their discoveries
concerning prostaglandins and related biologically
active substances.

Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius

Birthday: August 10, 1902.
Stockholm, Sweden
Contribution:
Work on electrophoresis and
adsorption analysis and
especially for his discovery of
the complex nature of the
proteins occurring in blood
serum