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Introduction
Water makes life possible
as a solvent for biological
molecules. What
electrical properties allow
it to do this?
We now begin our study
of electromagnetism, one
of the four fundamental
forces.
We start with electric
charge and look at
electric fields.
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Water (H2O)
Laser printer
A laser printer makes use of forces between
charged bodies.
Conservation of charge
The proton and electron have the same magnitude
charge.
The magnitude of charge of the electron or proton is a
natural unit of charge. All observable charge is
quantized in this unit.
The universal principle of charge conservation states
that the algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any
closed system is constant.
Charging by induction
In Figure 21.7 below, the negative rod is able to charge the metal
ball without losing any of its own charge. This process is called
charging by induction.
Charge by Induction
Electrostatic painting
Induced positive charge on the metal object attracts the
negatively charged paint droplets.
Point Charge
When we say charge we really mean a charged
object:
Point charge is particle of zero size carrying a charge,
e.g. electrons and protons.
M precisely, particles separation is much larger than
particle dimension.
We can have few charges separated by large distances,
or many charges spread like touching each other:
Continuous Charge Distribution
Later on, see charge distribution over length, surface,
volume
Mathematically:
F = k|q1q2|/r2 = (1/40)|q1q2|/r2
Nm2
ke 9 x10
C2
9
2B.
q0 q0 q
Coulomb'
Law FF
k
r
Coulomb' s Law
k
r
e
qqqq
e
0
2
0
r2 r
F F
q q
By
ByDefinition
Definition EE ke k e2 r 2 r
q 0q 0 r r
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Direction of E F
qo is a positive test charge
q is positive
q is negative
E points radially
E points radially
outward from q
inward toward q
q3
q1
q2
E ke 2 r1 ke 2 r2 ke 2 r3
r1
r2
r3
E2
E E1 E2 E3 (Vector Sum)
r1
+q0
E3
r2
r3
q2+
q1+
qi
E ke 2 ri
i ri
E1
q3-
Example 21.8
Point charges q1 = 12 nC and q2 =
-12 nC are placed 10 cm apart.
Compute the E-field caused by
q1 , the field caused by q2, and
the total field:
a) at point a;
b) at point b; and
c) at point c
2
6
q1
9 Nm 7x10 C
5 N
E1 ke 2 9x10
3
.
9
x
10
C 2 0.4m 2
C
r1
N
E1 3.9 x105 j
C
E2 x E2 cos
E2 y E2 sin
2
6
q2
9 Nm 5x10 C
5 N
E2 ke 2 9x10
1
.
8
x
10
C 2 0.5m 2
C
r2
5
5 0.3
5 N
5
5 0.4
5 N
N
E1 3.9 x105 j
C
N
E2 x 1.8x105 cos i 1.1x105 i
C
N
E2 y 1.8x105 sin j 1.4x105 j
C
N
E2 (1.1x105 i 1.4x105 j )
C
E E1 E2 (Vector Sum )
E2x
E2y
N
E [( 3.9x105 j ) (1.1x105 i 1.4 x105 j )]
C
N
E [(1.1x105 i 2.5x105 j )]
C
N
E (1.1x10 ) ( 2.5x10 ) 2.73x10
C
5 2
5 2
2.5
tan
66
1.1
1
At point P we have ,
N
E 2.73x10
C
5
F
E
q
F qE
Please continue
N
E [(1.1x105 i 2.5x105 j )]
C
tan 1
2.5
66
1.1
2x10-8 C
is :
1.
F qE
F ma
qE
a
m
m a qE
qE
a
m
1.
V=0
Particle Acceleration
1.
qE
a
cons tan t
m
1 2
x f xi v xi t a x t
2
v xf v xi a x t
2
v xf v xi 2a ( x f xi )
1 qE 2
xf
t
2 m
qE
v xf
t
m
qE
2
v xf 2 ( x f )
m
Initially,
xi 0, yi 0
v xi vi , v yi 0
eE
ay
j, a x 0
m
1 2
x f xi v xi t a x t
2
v xf v xi a x t
1 2
y f yi v yi t a y t
2
v yf v yi a y t
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
x f vi t
v xf vi
U sin g
xi 0, yi 0
v xi vi , v yi 0
1 eE 2
yf
t
2 m
eE
v yf t
m
x f vi t
1 eE 2
yf
t
2 m
xf
vi
1 eE 2
1 eE x f 2
yf
t
( )
2 m
2 m vi
2
1 eE 2
1 eE
yf
t
(xf )
2
2 m
2 mvi
yf
2
1 eE
(
x
)
Constant
f
2
2 mvi
(xf )
eE
a
j
m
1.6x10
19
C ( 200
9.1x1031 kg
N
)
C j
m
a 3.51x1013 j 2
s
b) Find the time it takes to travel through the
region of the electric field ?
xf
vi
l
t
vi
0.100
8
t
3
.
33
x
10
s
6
3x10
c) What is the vertical displacement y of the electron while it is in the electric field ?
1
1
y f yi v yi t a y t 2 a y t 2
2
2
1
y f ( 3.51x1013 )( 3.33x108 ) 2
2
y f 1.95 cm
Ex. Find the speed of the electron as it emerges from the electric field ?
Class Activities
Q1
Threepointchargeslieatthe
verticesofanequilateraltriangleas
shown.Allthreechargeshavethe
samemagnitude,butCharges#1
and#2arepositive(+q)andCharge
#3isnegative(q).
Charge#2
+q
Charge#1
+q
y
ThenetelectricforcethatCharges
#2and#3exertonCharge#1isin
A.the+xdirection.
B.thexdirection.
C.the+ydirection.
D.theydirection.
E.noneoftheabove
43
q
Charge#3
Q2
TwopointchargesandapointPlie
attheverticesofanequilateral
triangleasshown.Bothpoint
chargeshavethesamemagnitudeq
butoppositesigns.Thereisnothing
atpointP.
Charge#1
q
P
y
ThenetelectricfieldthatCharges
#1and#2produceatpointPisin
A.the+xdirection.
B.thexdirection.
C.the+ydirection.
D.theydirection.
+q
x
Charge#2
E.noneoftheabove
44
Q3
TwopointchargesandapointPlie
attheverticesofanequilateral
triangleasshown.Bothpoint
chargeshavethesamenegative
charge(q).Thereisnothingat
pointP.
Charge#1
q
P
y
ThenetelectricfieldthatCharges
#1and#2produceatpointPisin
A.the+xdirection.
B.thexdirection.
C.the+ydirection.
D.theydirection.
q
Charge#2
E.noneoftheabove
45
Summary