Group 4

10 SSC
NEWTON

Music of Africa

TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA

1. Afrobeat-

Afrobeat is a

term used to describe the fusion of West African

with black American music.

2. Apala (Akpala)-is a musical

genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to

wake up the worshippers after fasting during
the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan

3. AXE- is a popular musical

genre from Salvador, Bahia, and
Brazil. It fuses the Afro Caribbean
styles of the marcha, reggae, and
calypso.

4. Jit- is a hard and fast percussive

Zimbabwean dance music played on
drums with guitar accompaniment,
influenced by mbira-based guitar
styles

5. Jive- is a popular form of

South African music featuring a

lively and uninhibited variation
of the jitterbug, a form of swing
dance.

6. Juju- is

a popular music style

from Nigeria that relies on the traditional
Yoruba rhythms, where the instruments
in Juju are more Western in origin. A
drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel guitar,
and accordion are used along with the
traditional dun-dun (talking drum or
squeeze drum).
7. Kwassa Kwassa- is a dance

style begun in Zaire in the late

1980s, popularized by Kanda
Bongo Man.

8.Marabi- is a South African three-chord

township music of the 1930s-1960s which

evolved into African Jazz.

LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

INFLUENCED BY
AFRICAN MUSIC
Reggae
Salsa
Samba
Soca
Were
Zouk

Reggae
Reggae is a Jamaican sound dominated by bass
guitar and drums

Salsa- is a music Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Colombian dance

music. It comprises various musical genres including the
Cuban son montuno, guaracha, chachacha, mambo and bolero.

Samba
Samba is the basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian
music.

Soca
Soca is a modern Trinidadian and Tobago pop
music combining soul and calypso music.

Were
This is Muslim music performed often as a wake-up call
for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebrations.
Zouk
Zouk is fast, carnival-like hythmic music, from the Creole
slang word for party, originating in the Carribean Islands of
Guadaloupe and Martinique and popularized in the 1980s.

African music includes all the major instrumental

genres of western music, including strings, winds,
and percussion, along with a tremendous variety of
specific African
musical instruments for solo or ensemble playing.

A.Idiophones
B. Membranophones
C. Lamellaphone

These are Percussion

instruments that are either
struck with a mallet or
against one another.

1. Balafon - a west African

xylophone. It is a pitched
percussion instrument with bars
made from logs or bamboo.
2. Rattles made of seashells, tin,
basketry, animal hoofs, horns, wood,
metal bells, cocoons, palm kernels,
or tortoise shells. These rattling
vessels may range from single to
several objects that are either joined
or suspended in such a way as they
hit each other.

3. Agogo - a single bell or

multiple bells that had its origins in
traditional Yoruba music
and also in the samba baterias
(percussion) ensembles. The agogo
may be called the oldest samba instrument
based on West African Yoruba single or double bells.
It has the highest pitch of any of the bateria
instruments.

4. Atingting Kon - These are slit gongs used to

communicate between villages. They were
carved out of wood to resemble ancestors and
had a slit opening at the bottom. In certain
cases, their sound could carry for miles through
the forest and even across water to neighboring
islands.

5. Slit drum - The slit drum is a hollow

percussion
instrument. Although known as a drum, it is not a
true
drum but is an idiophone. It is usually carved or
constructed
from bamboo or wood into a box with one or more
slits in
the top.

6. Djembe - The West Africandjembe (pronounced zhem-bay)

is one of the best-known African drums is. It is shaped like a
large goblet and played with bare hands. The body is carved
from a hollowed trunk and is covered in goat skin.

7. Shekere - The shekere is a type of

gourd and shell megaphone from West
Africa, consisting of a dried gourd with
beads woven into a net covering the
gourd.
8. Rasp - A rasp, or scraper, is a hand
percussion instrument whose sound is
produced by scraping the notches on a
piece of wood (sometimes elaborately
carved) with a stick, creating a series of
rattling effects.

Instruments which have vibrating animalmembranes used

in drums. Their shapes may be conical, cylindrical, barrel,
hour-glass, globular, or kettle, and are played with sticks,
hands, or a combination of both. African drums are usually
carved from a single wooden log, and may also be made from
ceramics, gourds, tin cans, and oil drums.

1. Body percussion - Africans

frequently use their bodies as
musical instruments. Aside from
their voices, where many of them
are super singers, the body also
serves as a drum as people clap
their hands, slap their thighs,
pound their upper arms or chests,
or shuffle their feet.

2. Talking drum - The talking drum is used to send

messages
to announce births, deaths, marriages, sporting events,
dances, initiation, or war. Sometimes it may also contain
gossip or jokes. It is believed that the drums can carry
direct messages to the spirits after the death of a loved
one.

One of the most popular African percussion

instruments is the lamellaphone, which is a set of
plucked tongues or keys mounted on a sound board.
Its name may vary according to the regions such as
mbira, karimba, kisaanj, and likembe.

1. Mbira (hand piano or thumb piano) - The thumb piano

or finger xylophone is of African origin and is used
throughout the continent. It consists of a wooden board
with attached staggered metal tines (a series of wooden,
metal, or rattan tongues), plus an additional resonator to
increase its volume. It is played by holding the instrument in
the hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs,
producing a soft plucked sound.

D. Chordophones

Chordophones are instruments which produce sounds from the

vibration of strings. These include bows, harps, lutes, zithers,
and lyres of various sizes.

 1. Musical bow
It consists of a single string attached to each end of a curved
stick, similar to a bow and arrow. The string is either plucked or
struck with another stick, producing a per-cussive yet delicate
sound. The earth bow, the mouth bow, and the resonator-bow are
the principal types of musical bows. The earth bow, ground bow, or
pit harp consist of a hole in the ground, a piece of flexible wood and
a piece of chord.

2. Lute The lute, originating from

the Arabic states, is shaped like the
modern guitar and played in similar
fashion.

3. Kora The kora is Africa's most

sophisticated harp, while also having
features similar to a lute. Its body is
made from a gourd or calabash.

4. Zither
The zither is a stringed instrument
with varying sizes and shapes whose
strings are stretched along its body.

5.Zeze
The zeze is an African fiddle played
with a bow, a small wooden stick, or
plucked with the fingers. It has one or
two strings, made of steel or bicycle
brake wire.

E. Aerophones
Aerophones are instruments
which are produced initially by
trapped vibrating air columns or
which enclose a body of vibrating
air. Flutes in various sizes and
shapes, horns, panpipes, whistle
types, gourd and shell
megaphones, oboe, clarinet,
animal horn and wooden trumpets
fall under this category.

1. Flutes
are widely used throughout Africa and
either vertical or side-blown. They are
usually fashioned from a single tube
closed at one end and blown like a
bottle.

Panpipes consist of cane pipes of

different lengths tied in a row or in a
bundle held together by wax or cord,
and generally closed at the bottom.
They are blown across the top, each
providing a different note.

 2. Horns
Horns and trumpets, found almost
everywhere in Africa, are commonly
made from elephant tusks and animal
horns.
Kudu horn
This is one type of horn made from
the horn of the kudu antelope. It
releases a mellow and warm sound
that adds a unique African accent to
the music. Today, the kudu horn can
also be seen in football matches,
where fans blow it to cheer for their
favorite teams.

3. Reed pipes
There are single-reed pipes made from hollow
guinea corn or sorghum stems, where the
reed is a flap partially cut from the stem near
one end. It is the vibration of this reed that
causes the air within the hollow instrument to
vibrate, thus creating the sound.

4. Whistles
Whistles found throughout the continent
may be made of wood or other materials.
Short pieces of horn serve as whistles,
often with a short tube inserted into the
mouthpiece.

5. Trumpets

African trumpets are made of wood, metal, animal

horns, elephant tusks, and gourds with skins from
snakes, zebras, leopards, crocodiles and animal hide
as ornaments to the instrument.

African Musical Instruments

from the Environment

Any instruments of Africa are made from natural

elements like wood, metal, animal, skin and horns, as

well as improvised ones like tin cans and bottles.
These are mainly used to provide rhythmic sounds,
which are the most defining element of African music.
Africans make musical instruments from the materials
in the environment, like forest areas from where they
make large wooden drums.

Music Instruments of Latin America

HISTORY OF LATIN MUSIC

Latin American music, musical traditions of
Mexico, Central America, and the portions of
South America and the Caribbean colonized by
the Spanish and the Portuguese. These traditions
reflect the distinctive mixtures of Native
American, African, and European influences that
have shifted throughout the region over time.

What is Latin Music?

Latin music is a popular art form developed in various Latin
American countries, mainly Cuba, and is unique for the type of
rhythmic structures it builds upon. It is vocal and instrumental
music, originally derived from African religious ceremonies,
however viewed today primarily as dance music.

Latin America Instruments

Bombo large double-headed drum made from a hollowed
tree trunk with patches made of calf or goat skin, played
with two sticks.

 Chajchas

rattle made from sheep, llama or goat hooves dried in the sun,
oiled and sewn into a wrist cloth bracelet.

 Zampoas
-panpipes made of bamboo reeds
tied together.

Charango
Small ten-stringed guitar,
traditionally made from an armadillo
shell.

 Quena
vertical notched reed flute originally made from
bones, clay or bamboo.

From Per (Afro-Peruvian Music from the Pacific)

Cajn a wooden rectangular box played as a drum. The musician
sits on top and taps on the front with both hands, coming up with
variations of timbre depending on where the cajn is played.
Coast Region)

Quijada de burro donkey jawbone used as a

percussion instrument. The instrument is held with one
hand and struck on the side to make the teeth rattle,
whereupon the sound is amplified by the bone structure
itself. The teeth can also be scraped with a thin stick. An
instrument called vibraslap is derived from this instrument

From Brazil:

Agog Percussion instrument originated in Africa.

A pair of pitched bells mounted on a flexible rod,
used for Brazilian samba and other Latin Music. It is
played with a stick in one hand, while the holding
hand also opens and closes the rod, adding
additional tones by hitting the bells together.

Berimbau Wooden pole bent by a

single metal string with a gourd
resonator tied around both pole and
string near one end.
From Central America, Mexico and
Spanish-Speaking
Bongos Two drums, consisting of one
larger drum and one smaller drum joined
together. They are particularly important
in Afro-Latin music.

Claves sometimes called rhythm sticks in the US; a

pair of hardwood sticks which are struck together in
particular patterns to provide the rhythmic base or
"key" to a song (the word clave means key).

 Maracas
shakers traditionally made of gourd with
beans, seeds or small pebbles inside.

Puerto Rican cuatro The national folkloric

instrument of Puerto Rico, which looks like
a small guitar. Originally it had four strings,
now it has five pairs of metal strings that
produce a high pitch sound. It is also used
in Mexico

From Venezuela

Venezuelan

cuatro small four-stringed guitar from the plains

of Colombia and Venezuela ezuela

Ragtime

Ragtime is an American popular musical style

mainly for piano, originating in the Afro-American
communities in St. Louis and New Orleans. Its
music is written unlike jazz which is mainly
improvised, and contains regular meters and clear
phrases, with an alternation of low bass or bass
octaves and chords.

Jelly Roll Morton

Scott Joplin

Foremost exponents of ragtime were Jelly Roll

Morton who was an American ragtime and
early jazz pianist and composed Frog I More
Rag. Scott Joplin, who also composed the
popular Maple Leaf Rag, Solace, and The
Entertainer.

Big Band
The term Big Band refers to a large ensemble form
originating in the United States in the mid 1920s
closely associated with the Swing Era with jazz
elements.
Big band music originated in the United States and is
associated with jazz and the swing.

Among the great big bands were the Glenn Miller

Orchestra, the Count Basie Orchestra and the
Benny Goodman Orchestra. While some solo
signers such as Cab Calloway, Doris Day, Roy
Eldridge, and others also collaborated with big
bands.

Bebop
Bebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz
which is characterized by a fast tempo,
instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation. The
speed of the harmony, melody, and rhythm
resulted in a heavy performance where the
instrumental sound became more tense and free.
Dizzy Gillespie

Jazz Rock
Jazz rock is the music of
1960s and 1970s bands that
inserted jazz elements into
rock music.

Popular singer/songwriters Joni Mitchell, Tim

Buckley, and
Van Morrison were among those who adopted the
jazz rock style.

Philippines Popular Music

is the type commonly termed as
Original Pinoy Music or Original
Philippine Music, or OPM for short.
It was originally used to refer only
to Philippine pop songs,
particularly ballads, such as those
popular after the collapse of its
predecessor, the Manila Sound, in
the late 1970s up until the present.

ORIGINAL PILIPINO MUSIC (OPM)

The 1980s to 1990s are also
regarded as the golden era of
Philippine ballads. Among the
classics that emerged were those
created by:

Ryan Cayabyab
(Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika,
Kahit Ikay Panaginip Lang)
George Canseco
(Kapantay ay Langit,
Kastilyong Buhangin, Tubig at
Langis)

PHILIPPINE POP MUSIC

Pop music in the Philippines started as an adaptation or translation, if
not complete imitation, of Western hits. It started with Bobby Gonzales
Hahabol-habol (Hot Pursuit), a local version of the rock and roll songs
of the 1950s, and Rico Punos Luneta, a local adaptation of The Way
We Were. This immediately clicked with the youth and eventually
gained wide acceptance even among the burgis (bourgeois or elite)
crowd.

Philippines Jazz

Philippine musicians have also been inspired by

jazz music. Among them are jazz pianist and
recording artist Boy Katindig, who comes from the
well-known clan of musicians that includes jazz
piano legend Romy Katindig and saxophonist Eddie
Katindig. The Katindig family pioneered Latin jazz
in Manila. Other notable Filipino jazz musicians
include Lito Molina, Angel Pea, Emil Mijares, and
internationally known jazz pianist Bobby Enriquez.

Lito Molina and the Jazz Friends

Eddie Katindig

Bobby Enriquez

PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE FOLK

MUSIC

The Philippines also saw the rise of alternative folk music which was
different from the traditional and popular form. This new form
combined ethnic instrumentation with electronic accompaniment,
while presenting themes or issues of society and the environment.
Among other Filipino composers whose styles ranged from folk to
semi-ethnic werewere Freddie Aguilar, best known for his song Anak;
Yoyoy Villame, composer of Magellan; Florante, composer of Akoy
Isang Pinoy; and Gary Granada, composer of Ka Bayani.

PHILIPPINE ROCK
The year 1973 saw the birth of Philippine or Pinoy rock music which
successfully merged the rock beat with Filipino lyrics. This new sound
was introduced by the legendary Juan de la Cruz Band (with their song
Ang Himig Natin) which had for its members Joey Pepe Smith, Wally
Gonzales, and the originator of Jeproks, Mike Hanopol, who later became
a major symbol of Pinoy rock.
Continuing this legacy of Pinoy rock today are vocal groups and bands
that include River Maya, The Dawn, True Faith, The Eraserheads,
Wolfgang, Bamboo, Parokya ni Edgar, Hale, Sandwich, SugarFree,
Sponge Cola, and others

Pinoy Rap
In the Philippines, rap was also made popular by such
composers and performers as Francis Magalona (Mga
Kababayan Ko and Watawat) and Andrew E (Humanap Ka
ng Pangit).

Pinoy Music Collaborations

Philippine pop artists have also collaborated with classical
artists and orchestras in a number of their recordings and
concerts. Some of the concerts of Martin Nievera, Gary
Valenciano, Regine Velazquez, Lea Salonga, and Sharon Cuneta
have featured the Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra, the ABSCBN Orchestra, and the Manila Philharmonic Orchestra in
performances at the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
and the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC), both
known venues for classical music, as well as at the Araneta
Coliseum and Folk Arts Theater (FAT). Classical musicians have
also performed in malls and other commercial venues to
popularize classical music, popular music, and OPM.