DIODES

DIODE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The Ideal diode model the first and

simplest approximation. this model assumes

that the diode is either a perfect short circuit or
a perfect open circuit.

Forward bias looks like a short

circuit or closed switched. If the

direction of current flow is positive
(in the direction of the arrow)
corresponds to ideal forward bias.

Reverse Bias looks like an open

circuit or open switch. If the voltage

E is negative, and corresponds to
ideal reverse bias.

=0A

 The Practical Diode Model the

second approximation takes an ideal

diode and a DC source equal to the
barrier voltage ( Si=0.7V and Ge=0.3V)
- when the diode is forward biased, the
diode is equal to the barrier voltage and
when diode is reversed biased, it is
equal to an open circuit just like the ideal
diode.

For forward bias

For reversed bias

 The Complete Diode Model or third

model. It is consists of the barrier

potential, the small forward dynamic
resistance ( rd ) and the large internal
reverse resistance (rR ).
When diode is forward-biased, it acts as

a closed switch in series with the barrier

potential voltage and the small dynamic
resistance ( rd ).
When the diode is reversed-biased it acts

as an open switch in parallel with the

large internal reverse resistance (rR ). The

For forward bias

For reverse bias

SERIES AND PARALLEL

CIRCUITS

EXAMPLE 1
For the series diode configuration of Fig.

2.16, determine VD (diode voltage) VR,

and ID(diode current).

 Since the applied voltage establishes a

current in the clockwise direction to

match the arrow of the symbol and the
diode is in the on state,

REPEAT EXAMPLE 1 WITH THE DIODE

REVERSED.

Determine Vo and ID for the series

circuit

DETERMINE VO, I1, ID1, AND ID2 FOR THE

PARALLEL DIODE CONFIGURATION

SEATWORK
For the series diode configuration,

determine VD, VR, and ID.

DETERMINE I, V1, V2, AND VO FOR THE

SERIES DC CONFIGURATION

WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS

Diodes are used in circuits

called rectifiers that convert ac

voltage into dc voltage.
Rectifiers are found in all dc
power supplies that operate
from an ac voltage source.

THE BASIC DC POWER SUPPLY

The Basic DC Power Supply
The dc power supply converts the standard

120 V, 60 Hz ac voltage available at wall outlets

into a constant dc voltage.
The voltage produced is used to power all types
of electronic circuits including consumer
electronics (televisions, DVDs, etc.), computers,
industrial controllers, and most laboratory
instrumentation systems and equipment.

 A basic block diagram of the complete power

supply is shown in the Figure

Generally the ac input line voltage is stepped
down to a lower ac voltage with a transformer
(although it may be stepped up when higher
voltages are needed or there may be no
transformer at all in rare instances)

 In dc/ac course, a transformer changes

ac voltages based on the turns ratio

between the primary and secondary.
The rectifier can be either a half-wave
rectifier or a full-wave rectifier.

The rectifier converts the ac

input voltage to a pulsating dc

voltage, called a half-wave
rectified voltage,

 The filter eliminates the fluctuations in

the rectified voltage and produces a

relatively smooth dc voltage

 The regulator is a circuit that maintains

a constant dc voltage for variations in the

input line voltage or in the load.
The load is a circuit or device connected
to the output of the power supply and
operates from the power supply voltage
and current.

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

A half-wave rectifier is composed of

a single diode that connects an AC

source to a load.

EXAMPLE

(a) Sketch the output vo and determine

the dc level of the output for the network

(b) Repeat part (a) if the ideal diode is
replaced by a silicon diode.
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) if Vm is
increased to 200 V

The output signal vo now has a

net positive area above the axis

over a full period and an
average value determined by

A. In this situation the diode will

conduct during the negative

part of the input

B. Using a silicon diode, the output

is

 C. the resulting drop

During the positive alternation of

the input voltage, the output

voltage looks like the positive half of
the input voltage. The current path
is through ground back to the
source.
During the negative alternation of
the Input voltage, the current is 0,
so the output voltage is also 0.

The output has therefore only a

positive component with an average

value:
Vdc = 0.318Vm (half wave)

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

In half-wave rectifiers, half of the

power provided by the source is not

used. To solve this problem, we
have to use full-wave rectifiers.

Determine the output waveform

for the network and calculate

the output dc level

Vdc =

0.636(5 V) = 3.18 V