GROUP SEVEN

PROSPER TSHAKALISA
NIGEL MAISVOREVA
NICOLETTE BUTHSE
LYDIA DENHERE
MATIMBA CHAUKE
CLIVE MAFI
CLIFFORD TIRIVANHU
BRIDGETTE MUSINDO
LORRAINE CHINANAYI
STANELY MUSARURWA
MELODY CHIRDZERO
NIGEL NHENDE
BHEKIMPILO SIBIYA
TINASHE MADEMBO
KUDAKWASHE ZINYEMBA

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PRESENTATION ON
STRUCTURE AND
PROPERTIES OF GLASSES
CO-PILOTED

BY KUDAKWASHE
ZINYEMBA

WHAT IS GLASS?
*Glass was discovered approx. 4000 years ago*
probably a mixture of sand, ash and bone
melting of mixture on a fire
rapid cooling of melt.
Glass

is a hard, brittle substance, typically

transparent or translucent, made by fusing sand with
soda and lime and cooling rapidly. It is used to make
windows, drinking containers, and other articles.
"the

screen is made from glass

Glass

is one of three basic types of ceramics.

Glass

is distinguished by its amorphous

(noncrystalline) structure.
So

basically glass is an amorphous solid, meaning

that:
it does not have a rigid, ordered structure

What is an amorphous
solid?
An

amorphous solid is any

noncrystalline solid in which
the atoms and molecules are not
organized in a definite lattice
pattern. Such solids include
glass, plastic, and gel.
A non-crystalline solid is a
solid that lacks the long-range
order characteristic of a crystal.

AMORPHOUS VS
CRYSTALLINE
Amorphous Structure: Glass

Crystalline Structure: Salt (NaCl)

AMORPHOUS VS
CRYSTALLINE
1. Solids that don't have
definite geometrical shape.

They have characteristic

geometrical shape

2. Amorphous solids don't

have particular melting point. T hey have sharp melting point
They melt over a wide range of
temperature.
3. Physical properties of
Physical properties of crystalline
amorphous solids are same in solids are different in different
different direction i.e.
directions. This phenomenon is
amorphous solids are isotropic known as Anisotropy.
When crystalline solids are rotated
4. Amorphous solids are
about an axis, their appearance
unsymmetrical
does not change. This shows that
thay are symmetrical
Crystalline solids cleavage along
5. Amorphous solids don't
particular direction at fixed
break at fixed cleavage planes.
cleavage planes.
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Structure of oxide glasses

Modified random network

model

Si, B, P, Ge are network formers

provide the strong part of the glass

alkali,

alkali earths are network modifiers

make glass useful for applications

they break up the network
form "channels
some

cations have

network formers

network modifiers
intermediate behaviour
e.g. Al can be network former

network formers are p-block

elements
in particular: Si, B, P, Ge
strong bonds to oxygen
network
tend to favour
tetrahedral
modifiers
are s-group
coordination
elements
e.g. Na, Ca (but not Be, Mg)
weak, non-directional bonds to
oxygen
of oxide glass
Examples
flexible coordination
geometries

structures
CaO-SiO2 glass
component of soda-lime (window)
glass
stimulates cells to deposit bone
5CaO-3Al2O3 glass
Al is a conditional glass former
prepared by rapid quenching or gas
levitation
have greater transparency than
silicates
Tb2O3-3P2O5 glass

PROPERTIES OF GLASS
Glass

is made up of sand, soda

ash and limestone substances. It
is a hard material that is normally
breakable and transparent. These
substances are heated altogether
and the molecular bond that is
formed is a substance that we
call glass.

PROPERTIES INCLUDE
Chemical resistance
resist most acids with the exception of hydrofluoric, and at high
temperatures phosphoric acid. Alkalis will attack the surface
of unprotected glass.
Strength
greater capacity to resist compression than stretching or
sudden impact
Conductivity
poor conductor of electricity, with volume electrical resistivity
of 310,000,000,000 m. Glass is a better conductor of heat.
Temperature performance

created at high temperature and will return to liquid form if

heated sufficiently. Common temperature issue with glass
is not high temperature but thermal endurance. Normal
6mm-thick float glass will rupture if heated to 75-degrees
Celsius and plunged into 20-degree Celsius water. For this
reason many glass products are toughened.
Brittle

Glass has a variable shape

Melt-quenching allows control of the shape
very useful for making containers
very useful for making scientific instruments
lenses for microscope and telescopes
glassware for chemistry
valves for electronics
Glass is transparent and strong
We cannot use:
metals - not transparent
ceramics / oxide minerals - not transparent
polymers - not strong
Glass has variable composition
Crystals have fixed compositions
except for dopants and alloys
Glass composition is defined by mixture
glasses form more easily near the eutectic
needed to make glass cheaply
pure silica (quartz) is a stronger glass
adding soda reduces melting temperature
need to make different applications
e.g. chromium is added to make green bottles

MAIN TYPES OF GLASSES

Annealed

glass
common glass that tends to break into large,
jagged shards.
Laminated glass
made of two or more layers of glass with one or
more "interlayers" of polymeric material bonded
between the glass layers.
Tempered glass
used in car side windows and designed to break
into tiny pieces

2) Laminated glass: used in windshields, two sheets

of glass with plastic between them.
3) Tempered safety glass: used in car side windows
and designed to break into tiny pieces