Drawings

(Some Types)

Nature Drawings
( landscape,
scenery etc.)

Portraits
( human faces,
expressions etc.)

Botanical Drawings
( plants, flowers etc.)
Geographical
Drawings
( maps etc.)

Zoological Drawings
(creatures, animals etc.)
Engineering Drawings,
(projections.)

Building Related Drawings.

Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections

(F.V,T.V & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms)

Elevation, Plan, & Section - Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)
CAED

Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
Dr P V Ramana

Drawings
(Some Types)

Nature Drawings
( landscape,
scenery etc.)

Portraits
( human faces,
expressions etc.)

Botanical Drawings
( plants, flowers etc.)
Geographical
Drawings
( maps etc.)

Zoological Drawings
(creatures, animals etc.)
Engineering Drawings,
(projections.)

Building Related Drawings.

Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections

(F.V,T.V & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms)

Elevation, Plan, & Section - Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)
CAED

Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
Dr P V Ramana

PLANES

1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
H.P AND V.P

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane

(A.V.P.)

Auxiliary Inclined Plane

(A.I.P.)

Profile Plane ( P.P.)

A.I
.P.

A.V.P.

t
oV
.P
&
t
oH
.P

to H.P & to V.P

CAED

Dr P V Ramana

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH ITS DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}

B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.

C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS ITS POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}
TERMS ABOVE & BELOW WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.
AND TERMS INFRONT & BEHIND WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.

T IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( F.V, T.V

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANT
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY
Dr P V Ramana
HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN CAED
OBJECT. BECAUSE
ITS ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.8

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.

FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( V.P )

TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( H.P )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )
FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE
PROJECTION METHODS

CAED

Dr P V Ramana

Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn
by placing object

Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn
by placing object

in 3rd Quadrant.

in 1st Quadrant
( F.V above X-y, T.V below X-y )

(
SYMBOLIC
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON H.P ( GROUND)
ON ITS BASE.

F.V

X
T.V

T.V above X-y, F.V below X-y )

NOTE:H.P term is used in 1st Angle method

&
For the same
Ground
term
is used
CAED
Dr P V Ramana
in 3rd Angle method of projections

T.V

F.V
G

L
10

2 n d

Q u a
d r a
n t

V.P
2

nd

F.V.

1 s t

Q u a
d r a
n t

Quad.

1ST Quad.

Above H.P
In front of
V.P

Above H.P
Behind V.P

H.P

X Y
X
3 r d
Q u a
d r a
n t

O b s
e r v
e r

4 t h

Below H.P
Behind V.P
3rd Quad.

Below H.P
In front of
V.P
4th Quad.

Q u a
d r a
n t

Above H.P. and In Front of V.P. which shows point is in First Quadrant
Above H.P. and Behind V.P. which shows point is in Second Quadrant
Below H.P. and Behind V.P. which shows point is in Third Quadrant
Below H.P. and In Front of V.P. which shows point is in Fourth
Quadrant
11

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY V.P AND A VIEW ON IT (F.V) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) H.P IS ROTATED 900 DOWNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING V.P.

Click to view Animation

On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program

safe for your pc.

PP

V.P

F.V

LSV
Y

X
X

T.V
H.P

H.P IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 90

AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF V.P.

PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90

AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF V.P.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
DRAWN IN
12
FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

FIRST ANGLE
PROJECTION

FOR T.V.

IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE H.P & INFRONT OF V.P.

V.P.

P.P.
S.V.

F.V.

T
C
E
J
O B

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

PP

V.P
F.V

LSV
Y

R
O
F

.
V
.
S

FO
R

F.V
.

T.V
H.P
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS

CAED

Dr P V Ramana

13

FOR T.V.

THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW H.P & BEHIND OF V.P. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

V.P.
T
C
E
J
B
O

P.P.

T.V
X

Y
LSV

S.V.

F.V

F.V.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS

CAED

Dr P V Ramana

14

FOR T.V.

S.V.

F.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

R
FO

.
S.V

FO
R

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V
.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
CAED
Dr P V Ramana
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

TOP VIEW

15

FOR T.V.

F.V.

S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW

R
FO

.
V
.
S

FO
R

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V
.

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
CAED
Dr P V Ramana
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
METHOD

16

FOR T.V.

F.V.

S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW

R
FO

.
S.V

FO
R

F.V
.

L.H.SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
CAED
Dr METHOD
P V Ramana

17

FOR T.V.

F.V.

S.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW

R
O
F

.
V
.
S

FO
R

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V
.

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
CAED METHOD
Dr P V Ramana

18

FOR T.V.

F.V.

S.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

R
FO

FRONT VIEW

.
V
.
S

FO
R

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V X
.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
CAED
Dr P V Ramana
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
METHOD

TOP VIEW

19

6
FOR T.V.

S.V.

F.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

R
FO

.
V
.
S

FO
R

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F.V
.

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
METHOD
CAED
Dr P V Ramana

20

PROJECTIONS OF
POINTS
NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
OBJECT

POINT A

ITS FRONT VIEW

ITS SIDE VIEW

LINE AB
a b

ITS TOP VIEW

a b
ab

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 ARE USED.
CAED

Dr P V Ramana

21

POINT A IN
Point A is
2ND QUADRANT
Placed In
A
different
quadrants
and its F.V
& T.V
are brought
in
H.P
same plane
for
Observer to
see
clearly.
F.V is visible
as
it is a view
on
V.P. But as
T.V is
H.P
is a view on
H.P,
it is rotated
downward
A
900,
POINT A IN
In clockwise
RD
3 QUADRANT
direction.
The
In front part
of
H.P comes

POINT A IN
1ST QUADRANT

V.P
a

V.P
a

a
H.P

OBSERVER

OBSERVER

a
H.P
OBSERVER

a
a

V.P

OBSERVER

V.P

POINT A IN
4TH QUADRANT

Convention: Horizontal
plane
is always rotated 22cloc
CAED
Dr P V Ramana

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN THE 4 QUADRANTS

V.
P

H.P

V.
P

V.P

V.P

PF

PF
PT
H.
P

H.
P
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT

PT

POINT IN 1st
PT: TOP VIEW QUADRANT
PF: FRONT
VIEW

H.P

POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

POINT IN 3rd
QUADRANT

PT
H.P

H.
P

H.
P

V.P

H.P

PT

PF

P
V.

CAED

Dr P V Ramana

V.

V.P

PF
23

How you will draw on the sheet

PF

PF

PT

y
PT

POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT

POINT IN 1st
QUADRANT

PT

PT: TOP VIEW

x
PT

PF: FRONT
VIEW

PF

PF
POINT IN 3rd
QUADRANT

CAED

POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

Dr P V Ramana

24