ESCUELA POLITCNICA

NACIONAL
DEPARTAMENTO DE
INGENIERA ELCTRICA

FACULTAD DE
INGENIERA ELCTRICA
Dr. CARLOS GALLARDO
Campus Universitario
Edificio Ingeniera Elctrica
Ladrn de Guevara E11-253
Quito-Ecuador
Apartado 17-12-866
17-01-2759
Fax: (593-2) 567848
carlos.gallardo@epn.edu.ec

2013

TEMA 1 :
POWER GENERATION, OPERATION AND
CONTROL
Prof. Dr. M.Sc Ing. Carlos
Gallardo

Power Generation, Operation and Control

1: Introduction
CONTENIDO
2: Industrial Organization, Managerial Economics,
and Finance
3: Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units and Methods
Of Solution .
4: Unit Comminment
5: Generation with Limited Energy Supply
6: Transmission System Effects
7: Power System Security

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Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Power System Security

Normal dispatch
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Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Power System Security

Post contingency state

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Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Power System Security

Secure Dispatch
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Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Power System Security

Secure Post contingency state

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Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Transmission Outages
Reactive Losses

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Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Transmission Outages

Six-bus network (see Chapter 6)

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Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Transmission Outages

Full AC power flow contingency analysis procedure

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Escuela Politcnica Nacional "Dr. Carlos Gallardo"

Power Transfer Distribution Factors

Where
l=line index
i=bus where power is injected
j=bus where power is taken out
=change in megawatt power flow on line l when a power transfer of
is made between i and j
= power transfered from bus i to bus j

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Power Transfer Distribution Factors

Where

flow on line after the generator on bus fails

flow before the failure

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Power Transfer Distribution Factors

Where

maximun MW rating for generator

proportionality factor for pickup on generating unit when
unit fails

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Line Outage Distribution Factors

Where

line outage distribution factor when monitoring line after

outage on line
change in MW flow on line
original flow on line before it was outaged (opened)

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Line Outage Distribution Factors

Contingency analysis using sensitivity factors

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Example 7A.
The [X] matrix for our six-bus sample network is shown
in Figure 7.4, together with the LODF factors. The PTDF
factors are shown in Figure 7.5.
The LODF matrix is stored such that each row and
column corresponds to one line in the network, with
rows corresponding to monitored line and columns
corresponding to the outaged lines. The LODF for a
particular outage and monitored line is obtained by
finding the monitored line _ down the rows and then
finding the outaged line k along that row in the
appropriate column.

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Example 7A

X matrix and LODF matrix for the six-bus system

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Example 7A

PTDF matrix for six-bus system

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Monitorating Pwer Transactions Using Flowgates

Flowgate example
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Monitorating Pwer Transactions Using Flowgates

Similarly

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Voltage Collapse

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Voltage Collapse

Example power system to show voltaje collapse

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Voltage Collapse

Voltage at receiving bus versus power delivered

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Voltage Collapse

Contraction of the voltaje characteristic during a transmission outage

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AC Power Flow Methods

AC power flow security analysis

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AC Power Flow Methods

AC power flow security analysis with contingency case selection

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Contingency Selection

PI_

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Contingency Selection

The 1P1Q contingency selection procedure

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Contingency Selection

PI_

voltaje on bus j with line i out

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Contingency Selection

Layering of outage effects

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Contingency Selection

Layering used in bounding analysis

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Take-or-Pay Fuel Supply Contract

Step
1
2
3

4
5

Output
Equipment data
Equipment data, initial
solution or latest solution
Equipment data, initial
solution or latest solution
Maximum mismatch
Jacobian matrix as well as
real and reactive power
mismatches

Merge into tables

Build Jacobian matrix

Tabular data
Jacobian matrix

Calculate residual mismatch at Net power injection

each bus
at all buses, all
power flows, and
control statuses
Compare maximum mismatch Decision to continue
with acceptable tolerance,
with next iteration
check iteration count
Solve AJM
Updates to voltage
magnitude and
angle as well as
control variable
updates
Repeat steps 2 through 6

Power Flow Procedure

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