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6. Whistlers
Sensitive audio amplifiers were used to listen
secretly the private conversation on distant
telephones during world war II.
In the output of the receiver , listeners frequently
heard whistlers of descending tone
This type of naturally occuring transient EM
disturbances are called whistlers
Lightening discharges generate pulses which may
bounce back and forth several times before
disappearing between 2 hemispheres.
Various whistlers are long, short and noise whistlers
Ionospheric Absorption
When a radio wave passes through the ionized layer it
causes the to vibrate. These vibrating gives some of
its energy by colliding neighbouring molecules. Thus this
energy is used up in heating the air and hence wasted.
The amount of energy which is wasted from the radio waves
is higher if the distance travelled by the waves is high.
The suns radiation causes ionization in day time than during
night time and therefore the absorption is higher during day
time.
Absorption is maximum at a frequency 1.4 MHz due to
resonance phenomenon. Therefore the frequency that is
used for sky wave propagation should be chosen such that it
is greater than 1.4 MHz .