Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Orville Wright
Wilbur Wright
Airfoils
What is NACA?
National Advisory
Committee for
Aeronautics
Chartered in
1915, operational
from 1917-1958
The National
Aeronautics and
Space Act of 1958
created NASA
from NACA
Aerodynamic Surfaces
Aerodynamic Surfaces
Prop
Jet
B727 Spoilers
Airfoils - Nomenclature
Low p
High p
Chord line - straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil
Camber line locus of all points equidistant from top and bottom of airfoil
Camber distance between chord line and camber line
Thickness maximum distance between top and bottom surfaces of wing
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
Wingspan (b)
Aspect Ratio (AR = b2/S)
Frost
If wing is below
dewpoint which is
below freezing, frost
will form
Sublimation of air to
solid ice crystals
Disrupts smooth
airflow over the wing
Frost removed
before take-off
Rime Ice
Clear Ice
Angle of Attack
Angle between wing chord line and relative
wind
The angle of attack at which airplane stalls
does not change
Airfoils - Nomenclature
Flaps
Plain Flap
Split Flap
Fowler Flap
-Fowler Flap effectively increases
the wing area by rolling backwards
on a roller system.
Slotted Flap
-Slotted Flap allows high pressure
air underneath wing to join airflow
above wing. This effectively
increases velocity of top airflow
and thus increases lift.
Laminar v. Turbulent
Laminar v. Turbulent
Low Pressure
High Pressure
A1V1=A2V2
Lift Vector
Drag Types
Induced drag is the unavoidable by-product of lift
and increases as the angle of attack increases
Parasite drag is caused by any aircraft surface
that deflects or interferes with smooth airflow
around airplane
Skin-friction drag - between the outer surfaces
of the aircraft and the air through which it
moves. Reduced by using glossy, flat finishes on
surfaces
Form drag - resistance of air to the shape of the
aircraft. Form drag can be reduced by
streamlining the aircraft shape.
sphere
cylinder
airfoil
Wingtip Vortices
Why Winglets?
Equivalent to span extension w/o increased wingspan
Reduces wingtip vortices
Reduces drag
TIP:
On a soft-field
runway, you can
takeoff at a lower
speed and then
accelerate while in
Ground Effect.
Propeller rotates CW
when viewed from pilots
seat.
Torque reaction rotates
the airplane CCW about
longitudinal axis
P-factor (asymmetrical
thrust) caused by
descending blade taking
a greater bite of air
than ascending blade at
high angle of attack
roll
yaw
Tail Placements
Canards
Stabilizer located in
front of the main wings
Used on the Wright
Flyer
More aerodynamically
efficient than an
elevator b/c canards
provide positive lift