ENGRANAJES

RUEDAS RECTAS
ENGRANAJE RECTO
Valores Caracteristicos:
Nmero de dientes,
z
Mdulo, m en mm
Paso= m

NOMENCLATURA

DIMENSIONES: Dimetro medio:

Dimetro de cabeza:
Dimetro de fondo:

D= m z
D= m (z+2)
D= m (z-2,5)

RUEDAS RECTAS

ENGRANAJE RECTO

Geometra de las
ruedas rectas

RUEDAS RECTAS
FUERZAS GENERADAS
Fuerza Tangencial:
Ft = Mt / R
Fuerza Radial:
Fr = Ft Tg
, ngulo de contacto.
Valor habitual, =20

RUEDAS HELICOIDALES

Valores Caracteristicos:
Nmero de dientes, z
Mdulo, m en mm
Paso= m
a, ngulo de hlice.
Valores habituales de 15
20

DIMENSIONES: Dimetro medio:

Dimetro de cabeza:
Dimetro de fondo:

D= ma z
D= ma (z+2)
D= ma (z-2,5)

Mdulo aparente:
ma = m / cos a

RUEDAS HELICOIDALES
FUERZAS GENERADAS
Fuerza Tangencial:
Ft = Mt / Ra
Fuerza Radial:
Fr = Ft Tg a
Tg a = Tg / Cos a
Fuerza axial:
Fr = Ft Tg a

RUEDAS CONICAS
Valores Caracteristicos:
Nmero de dientes, z
Mdulo, m medio en mm
Paso= m
1 - 2, ngulos de paso.
Ejes perpendiculares:
1 + 2 = 90

DIMENSIONES: Dimetro medio:

Dimetro de cabeza:
Dimetro de fondo:

D= m z
D= m (z+2)
D= m (z-2,5)

RUEDAS CONICAS
FUERZAS GENERADAS
Fuerza Tangencial:
Ft = Mt / Rmedio
Fuerza Radial:
Fr = Ft Tg Cos
Fuerza axial:
Fr = Ft Tg Sen

Aplicacin de los diferentes tipos de ruedas

En la figura se
muestra una batidora
industrial, en la que
podemos ver los
diferentes tipos de
engranajes.

Engranaje, tornillo sin fn

a.) de dientes cilndricos b.) doble envolvente.

Pasos diametrales preferidos

Clase
Basto
Medio basto
Fino
Ultrafino

Paso diametral,
pd, in.-1
1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
12, 14, 16, 18
20, 24, 32, 48, 64,
72, 80, 96, 120, 128
150, 180, 200

Pasos diametrales preferidos para cuatro clases de dientes

Pasos diametrales

Pasos diametrales estndares comparados con el tamao del diente.

Se supone un tamao real

Addendum, Dedendum and Clearance

Parameter

S ymbol

Addendum
Dedendum
Clearance

a
b
c

Coarse Pitch
(pd<20in-1)
1/ pd
1.25/ pd
0.25/ pd

Fine pitch
(pd 20in-1)
1/ pd
1.200/ pd+0.002
0.200/ pd+0.002

Metric module
system
1.00 m
1.25 m
0.25 m

Table 14.2 Formulas for addendum, dedendum, and clearance

(pressure angle 20, full-depth involute.)

Text Reference: Table 14.2, page 623

Pitch and Base Circles

Figure 14.8 Pitch and base

circles for pinion and gear
as well as line of action and
pressure angle.

Text Reference: Figure 14.8, page 624

Involute Curve

Figure 14.9 Construction of involute curve.

Text Reference: Figure 14.9, page 625

Contact Ratio

Figure 14.10 Illustration of parameters important in

defining contact ratio.

Text Reference: Figure 14.10, page 629

Line of Action

Figure 14.11 Details of line of

action, showing angles of
approach and recess for both
pinion and gear.

Text Reference: Figure 14.11, page 629

Backlash

Figure 14.12 Illustration of backlash in gears.

Text Reference: Figure 14.12, page 632

Recommended Minimum Backlash

Diametral
pitch
pd , in. -1

18
12
8
5
3
2
1.25

Center distance, cd , in.

2

8
Backlash, bl , in.

16

32

0.005
0.006
0.007
-

0.006
0.007
0.008
0.010
0.014
-

0.009
0.010
0.012
0.016
0.021
-

0.014
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.034

0.028
0.033
0.042

Table 14.3 Recommended minimum backlash for coarse-pitch gears.

Text Reference: Table 14.3, page 633

Externally Meshing Spur Gears

Figure 14.13 Externally meshing spur gears.

Text Reference: Figure 14.13, page 635

Internally Meshing Spur Gears

Figure 14.14 Internally

meshing spur gears.

Text Reference: Figure 14.14, page 635

Simple Gear Train

Figure 14.15 Simple gear train.

Text Reference: Figure 14.15, page 636

Compound Gear Train

Figure 14.16 Compound gear train.

Text Reference: Figure 14.16, page 636

Example 14.7

Figure 14.17 Gear train used in

Example 14.7.

Text Reference: Figure 14.17, page 637

Allowable Bending Stress vs. Brinell Hardness

Figure 14.18 Effect of Brinell hardness on allowable bending stress for

two grades of through-hardened steel [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012F90, Gear Nomenclature, Definition of Terms with Symbols, American
Gear Manufacturing Association, 1990.]
Text Reference: Figure 14.18, page 638

Contact Stress vs. Brinell Hardness

Figure 14.19 Effect of Brinell Hardness on allowable contact stress for two grades of
through-hardened steel. [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definition of Terms with Symbols, American Gear Manufacturing Association, 1990.]
Text Reference: Figure 14.19, page 639

Forces on Gear Tooth

Figure 14.20 Forces acting

on individual gear tooth.

Text Reference: Figure 14.20, page 640

Bending Stresses

Figure 14.21 Forces and length dimensions used in determining bending

tooth stresses. (a) Tooth; (b) cantilevered beam.
Text Reference: Figure 14.20, page 641

Lewis Form Factors

Number of
Teetch
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32

Lewis form
Factor
0.176
0.192
0.210
0.223
0.236
0.245
0.256
0.264
0.270
0.277
0.283
0.292
0.302
0.308
0.314
0.318
0.322

Number of
Teeth
34
36
38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
90
100
150
200
300

Lewis form
factor
0.325
0.329
0.332
0.336
0.340
0.346
0.352
0.355
0.358
0.360
0.361
0.363
0.366
0.368
0.375
0.378
0.382

Table 14.4 Lewis form factors for various numbers of teeth (pressure
angle 20, full depth involute).
Text Reference: Table 14.4, page 642

Spur Gear Geometry Factors

Figure 14.22 Spur gear geometry factors for pressure angle of 20 and fulldepth involute. [ANSI/AGMA Standard 1012-F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definition of Terms with Symbols, American Gear Manufacturing
Association, 1990.]
Text Reference: Figure 14.21, page 643

Application Factor
Driven Machines
Power Source

Uniform

Uniform
Light shock
Moderate shock

1.00
1.20
1.30

Light shock
Moderate shock
Application factor, K a
1.25
1.50
1.40
1.75
1.70
2.00

Heavy shock
1.75
2.25
2.75

Table 14.5 Application factor as a function of driving power source and driven
machine.

Text Reference: Table 14.5, page 643

Size Factor

Diametral pitch pd,

in.-1
5
4
3
3
1.25

Module, m,
mm
5
6
8
12
20

Size factor, Ks
1.00
1.05
1.15
1.25
1.40

Table 14.6 Size factor as a function of diametral pitch or module.

Text Reference: Table 14.6, page 644

Load Distribution Factor

Figure 14.23 Load distribution factor as function of face width

and ratio of face width to pitch diameters. Commercial quality
gears assumed. [From Mott (1992).]

Text Reference: Figure 14.23, page 645

Dynamic Factor

Figure 14.24 Dynamic factor as function of pitch-line velocity and

transmission accuracy level number.

Text Reference: Figure 14.24, page 645

Helical Gear

Figure 14.25 Helical gear. (a) Front view; (b) side view.

Text Reference: Figure 14.25, page 651

Pitches of Helical Gears

Figure 14.26 Pitches of helical gears. (a) Circular; (b) axial.

Text Reference: Figure 14.26, page 652

Motor Torque and Speed

Figure 14.28 Torque and speed of motor as function of current for

industrial mixer used in case study.
Text Reference: Figure 14.28, page 655