8.1 Concept of enthalpy (continue..

)
Objectives:
Define enthalpy of:
i.
Formation
ii.
Combustion
iii. Atomisation
iv. Neutralisation
v.
Hydration
vi. Solution
vii. Sublimation
viii. Vapourisation

Types of Enthalpy
1) Enthalpy of Formation, Ho f

The heat change when 1 mole of a compound is

formed from its elements in standard condition (298
K and 1 atm).
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) Hof = 286 kJ/mol
The standard enthalpy of formation element in its
most stable state form is ZERO.
Ho f (O2 ) = 0

Hof (Cl2) = 0

2) Enthalpy of Combustion, Hoc

the heat released when 1 mole of substance is

burned completely in excess oxygen at a standard
condition (298 K and 1 atm).
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) Hoc =393 kJ/mol

3) Enthalpy of Neutralisation, Hon

the heat released when 1 mole of water, H2O is
formed from the neutralisation of an acid by a
base under standard conditions (298 K and 1 atm).
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Hon = 57.5 kJ/mol

4) Enthalpy of Atomisation, Hoa

the energy required to form 1 mole of gaseous
atoms from the element under standard
conditions (298 K and 1 atm).
Na(s) Na(g)
Hoa = +109 kJ/mol
Cl2(g) Cl(g) Hoa = +123 kJ/mol
5) Enthalpy of Sublimation, Hosubl
the heat absorbed when one mole of
substance sublimes (changes from solid to
gas) at standard conditions (298 K and 1 atm).
I2(s) I2(g) H = +106 kJ/mol

6) Enthalpy of Vaporisation, Hovap

the heat absorbed when 1 mole of a liquid substance vaporises
into 1 mole of a gas substance under standard conditions (298 K
and 1 atm).
Br2(l) Br2(g)
Hovap = +112 kJ/mol
7) Ionisation Energy, IE
the minimum energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons
from 1 mole of atoms in gaseous state.
(1st ionisation energy of Mg)
Mg(g) Mg+(g) + e
IE1 = +740 kJ/mol
(2nd ionisation energy of Mg)
Mg+(g) Mg2+(g) + e

IE2 = +1400 kJ mol1

8) Electron Affinity, EA

The heat change when 1 mole of gaseous atoms

gains 1 mole of electrons to form 1 mole of
gaseous ions.
(1st electron affinity of O)
O(g) + e O(g)

EA1 = 142 kJ/mol

(2nd electron affinity of O)

O(g) + e O2(g)

EA2 = +844 kJ/mol

2nd EA positive value because energy is absorbed

due to the electrostatic repulsion between the anion
and the approaching electron.

9) Lattice Energy, Holattice

the heat released when 1 mole of solid ionic compound is
formed from its constituent gaseous ions.
Na+(g) + Cl(g) NaCl(s)
Holattice = - 771 kJ/mol

Lattice dissociation energy, - Holattice

the energy needed to break down the lattice of 1 mole
ionic crystalline solid to form its gaseous ions.
NaCl(s) Na+(g) + Cl-(g)

H = + 771 kJ/mol

10) Enthalpy of Hydration, Hohyd

the heat released when 1 mole of gaseous ion is
hydrated in water.
Na+(g) Na+(aq)
Cl(g) Cl(aq)

H = 406 kJ/mol
H = 363 kJ/mol

11) Enthalpy of Solution, Hosoln

the heat change when 1 mole of a solute is
completely dissolved in a water (solvent) to form a
very dilute soln.
KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl(aq) H = + 690 kJ/ mol

Dissolution of ionic crystal in water

Solvation - The process in which an ion or a molecule

is surrounded by solvent molecules arranged in a
specific manner
When an ionic compound dissolves in water,
-ve end of the H2O molecule will attract the +ve ion
(eg. Na+).
+ve end of the H2O will attract the -ve ion (eg. Cl-)

Dissolution of ionic crystal in water

When an ionic compound dissolves in water,

+ve end of the H2O will attract the -ve ion (eg. Cl-)
-ve end of the H2O molecule will attract the +ve ion (eg.
Na+).
The electrostatic forces between ions and water
molecules will release heat

H
O
H

H O
H

Na
O

H
O H

O
H

of solution
O
H
+
H
+

+H

H
+

Cl-

O H

+
H
O+

Enthalpy of the solution

Enthalpy of solution of ionic crystal involved 2 steps:
Step 1: Break down the crystal lattice into gaseous ions
MX(s)

M+(g) + X-(g)

energy absorbed is the lattice dissociation energy

Step 2: Attractions between ions and dipoles of water

M+(g) + X-(g)
H2O M+(aq) + X-(aq)
Energy released is the enthalpy of hydration

Enthalpy of the solution

of the ionic crystal
MX(s)

lattice dissociation enthalpy

- H

Enthalpy of
the solution

M+(g) + X- (g)

lattice

Enthalpy of
hydration

H
hyd

solution

M+(aq) + X-(aq)
Hsolution = - Hlattice + Hhyd

(a) If Hhyd > Hlattice,

Hsoln = -ve
crystal is very soluble in water
(b) If Hhyd < Hlattice
Hsoln = +ve
The crystal insoluble in water if the value is
highly positive
(c) If Hhyd ~ Hlattice,
Hsoln is almost zero.
The crystal is soluble water

Exercise
Calculate the enthalpy of solution of sodium
iodide from the data below:
Lattice energy of NaI = -700 kJ/mol
Enthalpy of hydration of Na+(g) = -390 kJ/mol
Enthalpy of hydration of I-(g) = -307 kJ/mol
Answer = +3 kJ/mol

Great changes may not

happen right away, but with
effort even the difficult may
become easy.