Advanced Topics

(iii) Global Positioning System

(GPS)

Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Objectives
2

Introduction

GPS System

Principle

Errors

Differential GPS

Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Introduction
3

Global postioning system (GPS) also known as Navigation System with

Time and Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR) GPS.

Provides users locational coordinates
Accurate and 3 D positioning capability
Has potential for various civilian applications

Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

GPS System
4

Space Segment
Control Segment
User Segment

[ Source: http://www.leica-geosystems.com]
Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Space Segment
5

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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Space Segment
6

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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Control Segment
7

A Master Control Station + 5 Monitoring Stations

[ Source: http://www.leica-geosystems.com]
Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Control Segment
8

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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

User Segment
9

[ Source: http://www.leica-geosystems.com]
Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

GPS Receivers
10

Hand held GPS

receiver
From Garmin
Remote Sensing: M9L3

SR530 Dual frequency

real time kinematic
receiver
D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Principle - Trilateration
11

Pseudorange ( X SAT X USER ) 2 (YSAT YUSER ) 2 ( Z SAT ZUSER ) 2 (c * t0 )

[Source: http://www.u-blox.com/]
Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

GPS Errors
12

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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

GPS Errors Ionospheric and

Atmospheric
Errors
13
Atmospheric Refraction limits precision GPS
Ionospheric delay is caused by the ionospheric vertical total

electron content (TEC)

Atmospheric model available like Klobuchar model

Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

GPS Satellite Signals- Receiver

clock errors
14

Satellite clocks are high precision precise upto 3 nanoseconds

Even then, these might drift slightly
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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

GPS Errors Multipath Errors

15

Choke Ring Antenna

[ Source: http://www.leica-geosystems.com]
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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

GPS Errors Dilution of

Precision
16

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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Selective Availability &

Anti Spoofing
17

Selective Availability: Purposeful dithering of satellite

clocks by U.S Department of Defence to intentionally deny

the civilians and other hostile powers from fully availing
precise accuracy measurements using GPS
Anti Spoofing: It tends to encrypt the P code into a signal

called the Y code which can only be decrypted by using

military GPS receivers.

Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

GPS Carrier Phase Positioning

18

Remote Sensing: M9L3

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

DGPS
19

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D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc

Thank You

Remote Sensing: M9L3

20

D.Nagesh Kumar, IISc