BIOLOGY

TENTH EDITION

Global Edition

A Global Approach

Campbell Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson

40

The Animal Body

Topic 3 Cell Biology
(Basic Tissue Histology)

Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
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Topic 3 (part 2)
Basic Tissue Histology

You should now be able to:

a)Relate structure with function and identify

diagrams of the following animal tissues:
epithelial, connective tissue (six types), muscle
tissue (three types), and nervous tissue

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Diverse Forms, Common Challenges

a)Anatomy is the biological form of an organism

b)Physiology is the biological functions an
organism performs
c) The comparative study of animals reveals that
form and function are closely correlated

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a)In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled

with interstitial fluid, which allows for the
movement of material into and out of cells
b)A complex body plan helps an animal living in a
variable environment to maintain a relatively
stable internal environment

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Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans

a)Most animals are composed of specialized cells

organized into tissues that have different
functions
b)Tissues make up organs, which together make
up organ systems
c) Some organs, such as the pancreas, belong to
more than one organ system

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Table 40.1

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Exploring Structure and Function in Animal Tissues

a) Different tissues have different structures that are
suited to their functions
b) Tissues are classified into four main categories:
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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Epithelial Tissue

a)Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body

and lines the organs and cavities within the body
b)It contains cells that are closely joined
c) The shape of epithelial cells may be cuboidal (like
dice), columnar (like bricks on end), or squamous
(like floor tiles)

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a) The arrangement of epithelial cells may be simple

(single cell layer), stratified (multiple tiers of cells), or
pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying
length)

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Figure 40.5a

Epithelial Tissue
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Apical
surface
Basal
surface

Cuboidal
epithelium

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Simple columnar
epithelium

Simple
squamous
epithelium

Pseudostratified
columnar
epithelium

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Fig. 40-5b

Apical surface

Basal surface
Basal lamina

40 m
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 2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Connective Tissue

a)Connective tissue mainly binds and supports

other tissues
b)It contains sparsely packed cells scattered
throughout an extracellular matrix
c) The matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike,
or solid foundation

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a) There are three types of connective tissue fiber, all

made of protein
a)Collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility
b)Reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent
tissues
c)Elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their original
length

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a) Connective tissue contains cells, including

a)Fibroblasts that secrete the protein of extracellular
fibers
b)Macrophages that are involved in the immune system

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a) In vertebrates, the fibers and foundation combine to

form six major types of connective tissue
a)Loose connective tissue binds epithelia to underlying
tissues and holds organs in place
b)Fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons, which
attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which
connect bones at joints
c)Bone is mineralized and forms the skeleton

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a)Adipose tissue stores fat for insulation and fuel

b)Blood is composed of blood cells and cell fragments in
blood plasma
c)Cartilage is a strong and flexible support material

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Figure 40.5b

Connective Tissue
Blood

Loose connective tissue

Plasma
White
blood
cells

55 m

120 m

Collagenous fiber

Cartilage

Elastic fiber

Fibrous connective tissue

Red blood cells

30 m

100 m

Chondrocytes

Chondroitin sulfate

Adipose tissue

700 m

Central
canal

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Osteon

Fat droplets
150 m

Bone

Nuclei

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Muscle Tissue
a) Muscle tissue is responsible for nearly all types of
body movement
b) Muscle cells consist of filaments of the proteins actin
and myosin, which together enable muscles to
contract

c) Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle

fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals

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a) It is divided in the vertebrate body into three types

a)Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, is responsible for
voluntary movement
b)Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary body
activities
c)Cardiac muscle is responsible for contraction of the
heart

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Figure 40.5c

Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle
Nuclei
Muscle
fiber
Sarcomere
100 m

Smooth muscle

Nucleus

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Muscle
fibers

Cardiac muscle

25 m

Nucleus Intercalated
disk

25 m

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 2015 Pearson Education Ltd

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Nervous Tissue
a) Nervous tissue functions in the receipt, processing,
and transmission of information
b) Nervous tissue contains
a)Neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses
b)Glial cells, or glia, support cells (help nourish,
insulate, and replenish neurons).

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Figure 40.5d

Nervous Tissue
Glia

Neurons
Neuron:
Dendrites
Cell body

Axons of
neurons

40 m

Axon

(Fluorescent LM)

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Glia

Blood
vessel

(Confocal LM)

15 m

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 2015 Pearson Education Ltd