Different Technologies

& their Applications

Presented By:-
Rachita Sambyal
Sachika

1
 Contents
GSM
CDMA
3G
4G

2
 It all started like this
First telephone (photophone) – Alexander
Bell, 1880
The first car mounted radio
 telephone – 1921


3
 Going further
1946 – First commercial mobile radio-
telephone service by Bell and AT&T in
Saint Louis, USA. Half duplex(PTT)
1973 – First handheld cellular phone –
Motorola.
First cellular net
 Bahrein 1978


4
But what’s cellular?
MSC

BS

PSTN HLR, VLR,

AC, EIR
5
 Cellular Architecture
HLR
BSC A
Abis
VLR
Um

MSC PSTN
BSC
EIR

AuC

BTS

Mobile Base Station Network

Station Subsystem Subsystem

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 Into the architecture
Mobile phone is identified by SIM card.
Key feature of the GSM
Has the “secret” for authentication

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 Into the architecture(2)
BTS – houses the radiotransceivers of the
cell and handles the radio-link protocols
with the mobile
BSC – manages radio resources (channel
setup, handover) for one or more BTSs

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 Into the architecture(3)
MSC – Mobile Switching Center
The central component of the network
Like a telephony switch plus everything for
a mobile subscriber: registration,
authentication, handovers, call routing,
connection to fixed networks.
Each switch handles dozens of cells

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 Into the architecture(4)
HLR – database of all users + current
location. One per network
VLR – database of users + roamers in
some geographic area. Caches the HLR
EIR – database of valid equipment
AuC – Database of users’ secret keys

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 Frequency multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands
A channel gets a certain band of the
spectrum for the whole time

k k k k k k
Advantages: 1 2 3 4 5 6
n no dynamic coordination
c
necessary f
n works also for analog signals

Disadvantages:
n waste of bandwidth

if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
n inflexible

n guard spaces t

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 Time multiplex
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount
of time
Advantages:
n only one carrier in the
medium at any time
n throughput high even
k k k k k k
for many users
1 2 3 4 5 6
Disadvantages:
n precise c
synchronization f
necessary

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Time and Frequency Multiplex
Combination of both methods
A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain
amount of time
k k k k k k
1 2 3 4 5 6

c
f

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 Time and Frequency Multiplex
Example: GSM
Advantages:
n Better protection against
tapping
n Protection against frequency
selective interference k k k k k k
1 2 3 4 5 6
n Higher data rates compared to
code multiplex c

But: precise coordination f

required

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GSM combines FDM and TDM: bandwidth
is subdivided into channels of 200khz,
shared by up to eight stations, assigning
slots for transmission on demand.

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Various Access Method

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 GSM uses paired radio channels

P L INK
U

K
NLIN
W
DO

890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz

0 124 0 124

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 The GSM Bands

G SM B an d s
R e v e rseF o( Mr w a rdC h( Ma n n e l M a x . N o . o f
Syste m H z) H z) W i d t h ( k HC hz)a n n e l s
G S M - 9 0 0 8 90 - 9 1 59 3 5 - 9 6 0 2 0 0 125
G S M - 1 8 0 01 7 1 0- 1 718850 5 - 18 8 0 2 0 0 375
G S M - 1 9 0 01 8 5 0- 1 911903 0 - 19 9 0 2 0 0 300

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 MS BSS MSC VLR PSTN

Setup
Send info for outgoing signal
GSM
CALL
Call Proceeding
FLOW Complete Call

Assignment
Assignment

Assignment Complete
Assignment Complete
IAM

Assignment Complete (ACM)

Alerting

Connect

Connect Acknowledge Answer

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 GSM Call Management
8 Tasks of Call Management


Mobile Initialization (after power on)

Location Update
Authentication
Ciphering
Mobile station termination
Mobile station origination
Handover
Call clearing 20
 Services
Teleservices (TS)
 – Telephony, emergency calls, voice
messaging
Bearer services (BS)
 – SMS and cell broadcast, 9.6kbit/s
Supplementary Services (SS)

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 Supplementary Service (SS)
Advice of charge
Barring outgoing call, International calls, roaming calls
Call forwarding under various conditions
Call hold
Call waiting
Call transfer to a third party
Completion of calls to busy subscribers – notify the caller
when the callee is free
Closed user group ---- only among themselves
Caller ID and restrictions
Free phone service (just like 100 numbers)
Malicious call identification
Three-party conference calls 22
 Performance characteristics of GSM
Communication
n mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and

data services
Total mobility
n international access, chip-card enables use of access

points of different providers

Worldwide connectivity
n one number, the network handles localization

High capacity
n better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more

customers per cell

High transmission quality
n high audio quality and reliability for wireless,

uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from

cars, trains)
Security functions
n access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN
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 Disadvantages of GSM
No full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user
Reduced concentration while driving
Electromagnetic radiation
Abuse of private data possible
High complexity of the system
Several incompatibilities within the GSM
standards

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 CDMA
 CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers
to any of several protocols used in so-
called second-generation (2G) and third-
generation (3G) wireless communications.
 As the term implies, CDMA is a form of
multiplexing, which allows numerous
signals to occupy a single transmission
channel, optimizing the use of available
bandwidth.
 The technology is used in ultra-high-
frequency (UHF) cellular telephone
systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz
bands.

 CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in
combination with spread spectrum technology.
 Audio input is first digitized into binary elements.
 The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made
to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it
can be intercepted only by a receiver whose
frequency response is programmed with the same
code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter
frequency.
 There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing
codes, which enhances privacy and makes cloning
difficult.

 The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide.
 CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff,
which minimizes signal breakup as a handset
passes from one cell to another.
 The combination of digital and spread-spectrum
modes supports several times as many signals
per unit bandwidth as analog modes.
 CDMA is compatible with other cellular
technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming.

The original CDMA standard, also known
as CDMA One and still common in cellular
telephones in the U.S., offers a
transmission speed of only up to 14.4
Kbps in its single channel form and up to
115 Kbps in an eight-channel form.
CDMA2000 and wideband CDMA deliver
data many times faster.
 How CDMA Works?
Generating a CDMA signal
 1.analog to digital conversion
 2.vocoding
 3.encoding and interleaving
 4.channelizing the signals
 5.conversion of the digital signal to a Radio
 Frequency (RF) signal
How does it works……
Working of CDMA Channel
Establishment

Clock Multiplier Code Generator

Data Clock
Transmit
Signal
Modulator Filter
Data

Carrier
Voice Compression ..How is it
accomplished??
CDMA uses a device called a vocoder to
accomplish voice compression.
The term "vocoder" is a contraction of
the words "voice" and "code."
Vocoders are located in the phone.
 Channelizing
The encoded voice data is further encoded to
separate it from other encoded voice data.
The encoded symbols are then spread over the
entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel. This
process is called channelization.
The receiver knows the code and uses it to
recover the voice data.
 Codes…
CDMA uses two important types of codes
to channelize users.
Walsh codes channelize users on the
forward link (BTS to mobile).
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes
channelize users on the reverse link
(mobile to BTS).
CDMA Call Processing State

System
Initialization State

System Idle State

System Access State

Traffic Channel
State
 Hand Off
Advantage of CDMA is the ability to
communicate with more than one base
station at one time during a call
This functionality allows the CDMA network
to perform soft handoff
How does it all HAPPEN ?
Soft Handover…
 MS Primary BS ‘A’ Secondary BS ‘B’ BSC/MSC

Pilot Strength
Measurement Handoff Request
Frame Selector Join

ACK
ACK

Handoff Direction

ACK
Handoff Information

ACK
Pilot Measurement Request

Pilot Strength Measurement

 Roaming in CDMA
Mobile Base Station
Station Visited MSC VLR Home MSC HLR Originating Switch

User
IAM Dials
Call
HLR Query

HLR Response

SS7 IAM

Normal Call Processing Continues

 Why is roaming charged
more ???
The Directory number of the MS is dialed
Originating Switch sends an ss7 initial
address message (IAM) to home MSC
MSC queries the HLR for the location of
the MS
The HLR returns the locations of the visited
System
 Roaming Contd..
The MSC invokes call forwarding to the
MSC in the visited system..
The forwarding MSC switch send an SS7
IAM to the visited MSC
Call processing……
 Handoff in CDMA System
In GSM hard handoff occurs at the cell boundary
Soft Handoff
n Mobile commences Communication with a new BS without
interrupting communication with old BS
n same frequency assignment between old and new BS
n provides different site selection diversity
Softer Handoff
n Handoff between sectors in a cell
CDMA to CDMA hard handoff
n Mobile transmits between two base stations with different
frequency assignment


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 Soft Handoff- A unique feature of
CDMA Mobile
Advantages


Contact with new base station is made before the call

is switched
Diversity combining is used between multiple cell sites
n Diversity combining is the process of combining
information from multiple transmitted packets to
increase the effective SNR of received packets
n additional resistance to fading
If the new cell is loaded to capacity, handoff can still be
performed for a small increase in BER
Neither the mobile nor the base station is required to
change frequency

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 Migration To 3G 2.75G 3G
Multimedia
Intermediate
2.5G Multimedia

2G Packet Data
1G Digital Voice
Analog Voice
GPRS W-CDMA
GSM
EDGE (UMTS)
115 Kbps
NMT 9.6 Kbps 384 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps

GSM/
TD-SCDMA
TDMA GPRS
(Overlay)
TACS 2 Mbps?
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps

iDEN iDEN
9.6 Kbps PDC (Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS CDMA 1xRTT cdma2000
CDMA 1X-EV-DV

14.4 Kbps
PHS
(IP-Based) 144 Kbps Over 2.4 Mbps
/ 64 Kbps
64 Kbps
PHS 2003 - 2004+
2003+
2001+
1992 - 2000+ Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
1984 - 1996+
 3G
 International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)', better
known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for
mobile telecommunications defined by the International
Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM , EDGE,
UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX.
 Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls,
and wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
 Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of
speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s
on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s ).
 Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider
range of more advanced services while achieving greater network
capacity through improved spectral efficiency.

 W-CDMA (UMTS) Pros and
Cons
 Wideband CDMA
– Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service
(UMTS)
 Committed standard for Europe and likely
migration path for other GSM operators
– Leverages GSM’s dominant position
 Requires substantial new spectrum
– 5 MHz each way (symmetric)
 Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
 Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
– At prices that now seem exorbitant
 TD-SCDMA
 Time division duplex (TDD)
 Chinese development
– Will be deployed in China
 Good match for asymmetrical traffic!
 Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible
 Costs relatively low
– Handset smaller and may cost less
– Power consumption lower
– TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency
 Power amplifiers must be very linear
– Relatively hard to meet specifications
 CDMA2000 Pros and Cons
 Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA
– Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95
 Better migration story from 2G to 3G
– cdmaOne operators don’t need additional
spectrum
– 1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS,
i.e. W-CDMA
 Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA
 CDMA2000 core network less mature
– Cmda One interfaces were vendor-specific
– Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/
3GPP2
 2.5G / 3G Adds IP Data Out to another MSC or
Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN)

No Changes for Voice Calls

3G Network Layout
Internet
(TCP/IP)
IP Gateway

Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)

Out to another MSC or

Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN)

Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)

IP Gateway

Internet
(TCP/IP)

- Base Station - Radio Network Controller

3G – NTT Do Co Mo, WE WERE THE PEOPLE
WHO DEVELOPED IT!
 Relevance of 3G for India
 Serve as an ideal platform to deliver low cost voice
telephony to Indian consumers.
 Extremely effective tool in driving penetration of the
huge addressable market in the rural areas.
 Cater to the demand for hi-speed data services in
the urban markets.
 Integrate India & the Indian consumer with the far
reaching developments that are taking place
across the world.


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 Potential Applications for 3G –
Urban
 Railways
§ Seat availability, booking & Train status
 DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade)
§ Reduce processing time to a few hours for
registrations
 Customs
§ Computerize and make available all export/import
declarations
 Central Excise
§ Process and view Service Tax returns etc.
 Postal Department
§ Direct e-credit of Monthly Income Scheme returns
into the investors account
 Passport
§ information, screening (at some locations) available
over image transfer
§ Status information to individuals
 Income Tax, Land registration, Health Card etc.


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 Opportunity for India

 India is poised for an explosive growth in wireless consumers.

 India has the opportunity to immediately deploy next
generation services using mobile Broadband
 3G wireless deployment ensures Investment & Coverage can
be quickly done
§ Both Govt. & Private Operators
 3G Promises Quality & Speed of Deployment & Reach
 3G provides Variety & Diversity of Service
 Higher bandwidth will support Govt’s various social initiatives
 Content rich experience will enable trade and business
opportunities for urban and rural prosperity

Opportune for India to look at the earliest possible introduction of
3G services.

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 4G is MAGIC


Mobile multimedia,anytime anywhere,

Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution,

customized personal service



4G will encompass all systems from public to private, operator-



driven to ad-hoc,broadband to personal area and ad hoc

networks, 2G systems to 3G systems.



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4G TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE


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59
 APPLICATIONS


VIRTUAL PRESENCE:4G provides user services

at all times, even if the user is off-site
VIRTUAL NAVIGATION: a user can access
a database of the streets, buildings etc
TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS
 combination of GIS(Geographical Information
System) and GPS (Global Positioning System)
in which a user can get the location by querying

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
 TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION: 4G will
support remote health monitoring of patients
CRISIS MANAGEMENT:
 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in
a few hours
MULTIMEDIA – VIDEO SERVICES

there are two types of video services: bursting and

streaming video services.



expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at



very high data rates



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 

 Thank You

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