Documentos de Académico
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Contents
GSM
CDMA
3G
4G
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It all started like this
First telephone (photophone) – Alexander
Bell, 1880
The first car mounted radio
telephone – 1921
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Going further
1946 – First commercial mobile radio-
telephone service by Bell and AT&T in
Saint Louis, USA. Half duplex(PTT)
1973 – First handheld cellular phone –
Motorola.
First cellular net
Bahrein 1978
4
But what’s cellular?
MSC
BS
MSC PSTN
BSC
EIR
AuC
BTS
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Into the architecture
Mobile phone is identified by SIM card.
Key feature of the GSM
Has the “secret” for authentication
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Into the architecture(2)
BTS – houses the radiotransceivers of the
cell and handles the radio-link protocols
with the mobile
BSC – manages radio resources (channel
setup, handover) for one or more BTSs
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Into the architecture(3)
MSC – Mobile Switching Center
The central component of the network
Like a telephony switch plus everything for
a mobile subscriber: registration,
authentication, handovers, call routing,
connection to fixed networks.
Each switch handles dozens of cells
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Into the architecture(4)
HLR – database of all users + current
location. One per network
VLR – database of users + roamers in
some geographic area. Caches the HLR
EIR – database of valid equipment
AuC – Database of users’ secret keys
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Frequency multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands
A channel gets a certain band of the
spectrum for the whole time
k k k k k k
Advantages: 1 2 3 4 5 6
n no dynamic coordination
c
necessary f
n works also for analog signals
Disadvantages:
n waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
n inflexible
n guard spaces t
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Time multiplex
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount
of time
Advantages:
n only one carrier in the
medium at any time
n throughput high even
k k k k k k
for many users
1 2 3 4 5 6
Disadvantages:
n precise c
synchronization f
necessary
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Time and Frequency Multiplex
Combination of both methods
A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain
amount of time
k k k k k k
1 2 3 4 5 6
c
f
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Time and Frequency Multiplex
Example: GSM
Advantages:
n Better protection against
tapping
n Protection against frequency
selective interference k k k k k k
1 2 3 4 5 6
n Higher data rates compared to
code multiplex c
required
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GSM combines FDM and TDM: bandwidth
is subdivided into channels of 200khz,
shared by up to eight stations, assigning
slots for transmission on demand.
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Various Access Method
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GSM uses paired radio channels
P L INK
U
K
NLIN
W
DO
0 124 0 124
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The GSM Bands
G SM B an d s
R e v e rseF o( Mr w a rdC h( Ma n n e l M a x . N o . o f
Syste m H z) H z) W i d t h ( k HC hz)a n n e l s
G S M - 9 0 0 8 90 - 9 1 59 3 5 - 9 6 0 2 0 0 125
G S M - 1 8 0 01 7 1 0- 1 718850 5 - 18 8 0 2 0 0 375
G S M - 1 9 0 01 8 5 0- 1 911903 0 - 19 9 0 2 0 0 300
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MS BSS MSC VLR PSTN
Setup
Send info for outgoing signal
GSM
CALL
Call Proceeding
FLOW Complete Call
Assignment
Assignment
Assignment Complete
Assignment Complete
IAM
Connect
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Supplementary Service (SS)
Advice of charge
Barring outgoing call, International calls, roaming calls
Call forwarding under various conditions
Call hold
Call waiting
Call transfer to a third party
Completion of calls to busy subscribers – notify the caller
when the callee is free
Closed user group ---- only among themselves
Caller ID and restrictions
Free phone service (just like 100 numbers)
Malicious call identification
Three-party conference calls 22
Performance characteristics of GSM
Communication
n mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and
data services
Total mobility
n international access, chip-card enables use of access
High capacity
n better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more
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CDMA
CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers
to any of several protocols used in so-
called second-generation (2G) and third-
generation (3G) wireless communications.
As the term implies, CDMA is a form of
multiplexing, which allows numerous
signals to occupy a single transmission
channel, optimizing the use of available
bandwidth.
The technology is used in ultra-high-
frequency (UHF) cellular telephone
systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz
bands.
CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in
combination with spread spectrum technology.
Audio input is first digitized into binary elements.
The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made
to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it
can be intercepted only by a receiver whose
frequency response is programmed with the same
code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter
frequency.
There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing
codes, which enhances privacy and makes cloning
difficult.
The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide.
CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff,
which minimizes signal breakup as a handset
passes from one cell to another.
The combination of digital and spread-spectrum
modes supports several times as many signals
per unit bandwidth as analog modes.
CDMA is compatible with other cellular
technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming.
The original CDMA standard, also known
as CDMA One and still common in cellular
telephones in the U.S., offers a
transmission speed of only up to 14.4
Kbps in its single channel form and up to
115 Kbps in an eight-channel form.
CDMA2000 and wideband CDMA deliver
data many times faster.
How CDMA Works?
Generating a CDMA signal
1.analog to digital conversion
2.vocoding
3.encoding and interleaving
4.channelizing the signals
5.conversion of the digital signal to a Radio
Frequency (RF) signal
How does it works……
Working of CDMA Channel
Establishment
Data Clock
Transmit
Signal
Modulator Filter
Data
Carrier
Voice Compression ..How is it
accomplished??
CDMA uses a device called a vocoder to
accomplish voice compression.
The term "vocoder" is a contraction of
the words "voice" and "code."
Vocoders are located in the phone.
Channelizing
The encoded voice data is further encoded to
separate it from other encoded voice data.
The encoded symbols are then spread over the
entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel. This
process is called channelization.
The receiver knows the code and uses it to
recover the voice data.
Codes…
CDMA uses two important types of codes
to channelize users.
Walsh codes channelize users on the
forward link (BTS to mobile).
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes
channelize users on the reverse link
(mobile to BTS).
CDMA Call Processing State
System
Initialization State
Traffic Channel
State
Hand Off
Advantage of CDMA is the ability to
communicate with more than one base
station at one time during a call
This functionality allows the CDMA network
to perform soft handoff
How does it all HAPPEN ?
Soft Handover…
MS Primary BS ‘A’ Secondary BS ‘B’ BSC/MSC
Pilot Strength
Measurement Handoff Request
Frame Selector Join
ACK
ACK
Handoff Direction
ACK
Handoff Information
ACK
Pilot Measurement Request
User
IAM Dials
Call
HLR Query
HLR Response
SS7 IAM
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Soft Handoff- A unique feature of
CDMA Mobile
Advantages
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Migration To 3G 2.75G 3G
Multimedia
Intermediate
2.5G Multimedia
2G Packet Data
1G Digital Voice
Analog Voice
GPRS W-CDMA
GSM
EDGE (UMTS)
115 Kbps
NMT 9.6 Kbps 384 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps
GSM/
TD-SCDMA
TDMA GPRS
(Overlay)
TACS 2 Mbps?
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
iDEN iDEN
9.6 Kbps PDC (Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS CDMA 1xRTT cdma2000
CDMA 1X-EV-DV
14.4 Kbps
PHS
(IP-Based) 144 Kbps Over 2.4 Mbps
/ 64 Kbps
64 Kbps
PHS 2003 - 2004+
2003+
2001+
1992 - 2000+ Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
1984 - 1996+
3G
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)', better
known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for
mobile telecommunications defined by the International
Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM , EDGE,
UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX.
Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls,
and wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of
speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.0 Mbit/s
on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s ).
Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider
range of more advanced services while achieving greater network
capacity through improved spectral efficiency.
W-CDMA (UMTS) Pros and
Cons
Wideband CDMA
– Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service
(UMTS)
Committed standard for Europe and likely
migration path for other GSM operators
– Leverages GSM’s dominant position
Requires substantial new spectrum
– 5 MHz each way (symmetric)
Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere
Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe
– At prices that now seem exorbitant
TD-SCDMA
Time division duplex (TDD)
Chinese development
– Will be deployed in China
Good match for asymmetrical traffic!
Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible
Costs relatively low
– Handset smaller and may cost less
– Power consumption lower
– TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency
Power amplifiers must be very linear
– Relatively hard to meet specifications
CDMA2000 Pros and Cons
Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA
– Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95
Better migration story from 2G to 3G
– cdmaOne operators don’t need additional
spectrum
– 1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS,
i.e. W-CDMA
Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA
CDMA2000 core network less mature
– Cmda One interfaces were vendor-specific
– Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/
3GPP2
2.5G / 3G Adds IP Data Out to another MSC or
Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN)
Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)
Network
Mobile Switching
Management
Center
(HLR)
IP Gateway
Internet
(TCP/IP)
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Potential Applications for 3G –
Urban
Railways
§ Seat availability, booking & Train status
DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade)
§ Reduce processing time to a few hours for
registrations
Customs
§ Computerize and make available all export/import
declarations
Central Excise
§ Process and view Service Tax returns etc.
Postal Department
§ Direct e-credit of Monthly Income Scheme returns
into the investors account
Passport
§ information, screening (at some locations) available
over image transfer
§ Status information to individuals
Income Tax, Land registration, Health Card etc.
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Opportunity for India
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4G is MAGIC
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4G TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE
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APPLICATIONS
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TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION: 4G will
support remote health monitoring of patients
CRISIS MANAGEMENT:
4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in
a few hours
MULTIMEDIA – VIDEO SERVICES
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Thank You
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