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Chapter 12
Lubrication and
Journal Bearings
Prepared by
Kuei-Yuan Chan
Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering
National Cheng Kung University
Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
12-1
Types of Lubrication
12-2
Viscosity
12-3
Petrofs Equation
12-4
Stable Lubrication
12-5
Thick-Film Lubrication
12-6
Hydrodynamic Theory
12-7
Design Considerations
12-8
12-9
12-10
Clearance
12-11
Pressure-Fed Bearings
12-12
1213
Bearing Types
12-14
Thrust Bearings
12-15
Boundary-Lubricated Bearings
Introduction
The object of lubrication is to reduce friction, wear, and heating of
machine parts that move relative to each other.
The field of application for journal bearings is immense.
The crankshaft and connecting-rod bearings of an automotive engine
must operate for thousands of miles at high temperatures and under v
arying load conditions.
The journal bearings used in the steam turbines of power-generating st
ations are said to have reliabilities approaching.
Types of Lubrication
Five distinct forms of lubrication may be identified:
Hydrodynamic :the load-carrying surfaces of the bearing are separated by a rel
atively thick film of lubricant.
Hydrostatic :does not require motion of one surface relative to another is obtai
ned by introducing the lubricant, which is sometimes air or water, into the loadbearing area at a pressure high enough to separate the surfaces with a relativel
y thick film of lubricant.
Elastohydrodynamic :the phenomenon that occurs when a lubricant is introdu
ced between surfaces that are in rolling contact.
Boundary : has the highest asperities may be separated by lubricant films only
several molecular dimensions in thickness from insufficient surface area, a drop
in the velocity of the moving surface, a lessening in the quantity of lubricant deli
vered to a bearing, an increase in the bearing load, or an increase in lubricant te
mperature resulting in a decrease in viscosity
Solid film : When bearings must be operated at extreme temperatures, a soli
d-film lubricant such as graphite or molybdenum disulfide must be used beca
use the ordinary mineral oils are not satisfactory.
Viscosity
Let a plate A be moving with a velocity U on a film of lub
ricant of thickness h and imagine the film as composed
of a series of horizontal layers and the force F causing th
ese layers to deform or slide on one another just like a d
eck of cards.
Newtons viscous effect states that the shear stress in th
e fluid is proportional to the rate of change of velocity wi
th respect to y.
Petroffs Equation
A vertical shaft rotating in a guide bearing carrying a very small load. The cl
earance space is completely filled with oil with negligible leakage.
The shearing stress in the lubricant is equal to the velocity gradient times t
he viscosity. The force required to shear the film is the stress times the are
a. The torque is the force times the lever arm r.
Stable Lubrication
Thick-Film Lubrication
Hydrodynamic Theory :
Background and assumption
The present theory of hydrodynamic lubrication originated in the laboratory of
Beauchamp Tower in the early 1880s in England. The results obtained by Tower
had such regularity that Osborne Reynolds concluded that there must be a defi
nite equation relating the friction, the pressure, and the velocity.
One of the important simplifying assumptions resulted from Reynolds realizati
on that the fluid films were so thin in comparison with the bearing radius that t
he curvature could be neglected. This enabled him to replace the curved partial
bearing with a flat bearing, called a plane slider bearing.
Other assumptions made were:
The lubricant obeys Newtons viscous effect.
The forces due to the inertia of the lubricant are neglected.
The lubricant is assumed to be incompressible.
The viscosity is assumed to be constant throughout the film.
The pressure does not vary in the axial direction.
The bushing and journal extend infinitely in the z direction; this means there can be
no lubricant flow in the z direction.
The film pressure is constant in the y direction. Thus the pressure depends only on t
he coordinate x.
The velocity of any particle of lubricant in the film depends only on the coordinates
x and y.
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Assume that there is no slip between the lubricant and the bounda
ry surfaces. This gives two sets of boundary conditions
Design Considerations
The group of variables whose values are either given or under the control of the designer are
The second group of variables are dependent that the designer cannot control
The viscosity
The load per unit of projected bearing area, P
The speed N
The bearing dimensions r, c, , and l
The coefficient of friction f
The temperature rise T
The volume flow rate of oil Q
The minimum film thickness h0
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13
14
15
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Steady-State Conditions in
Self-Contained Bearings
Clearance
20
Pressure-Fed Bearings
The temperature rise in the film by dramatically
increasing the rate of lubricant flow. Because the
lubricant is supplied to the bearing under pressu
re, such bearings are called pressure-fed bearin
gs .
The equilibrium equation in the x direction with
Newtons equation for viscous flow at the bound
aries, where y = c/2 of zero velocity gives
Assuming the pressure varies linearly from ps to
0 at x = 0 to l, the relationship between the oil v
elocity and the coordinate y is then
To consider eccentricity, the film thickness is h =c
e cos . the average velocity at any angular pos
ition is
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The amount of lubricant that flows out both ends at any position is
where dA is the elemental area.
The characteristic pressure in each of the two bearings that constitute the press
ure-fed bearing assembly P is given by
At steady state, the rate at which the journal does frictional work on the fluid fil
m is
With Sommerfeld number and using J = 9336 lbf in/Btu, = 0.0311 lbm/in 3, and
Cp = 0.42 Btu/(lbm F), we find
where TF is T in F.
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Bearing Types
Two types of bushings. The solid bushing is made by casting, by dr
awing and machining, or by using a powder-metallurgy process. Th
e lined bushing is usually a split type.
Some typical groove patterns are shown. In general, the lubricant
may be brought in from the end of the bushing, through the shaft,
or through the bushing.
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Thrust Bearings
A fixed-pad thrust bearing consisting essentially of a runner sliding
over a fixed pad is shown.
Full-film, or hydrodynamic, lubrication is obtained if the speed of t
he runner is continuous and sufficiently high, if the lubricant has t
he correct viscosity, and if it is supplied in sufficient quantity.
Bearings are frequently made with a flange that positions the beari
ng in the housing and also takes a thrust load.
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