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STEAM TURBINE
POWER PLANT
Group Members:
H. M. Furqan
(EE106024)
Muhammad Taha
(EE106013)
Faisal Iqbal Khan
(EE306071)
-

DEFINITION
Turbines are used in systems to convert
kinetic energy of fluid to mechanical energy
S team Turbines .flv

Steam Turbine Power Plant

hot gases
compressed Steam Generator
water

superheated
steam

Steam
Turbine

Pump
C

Gen
saturated
water

Condenser

cooling water

saturated
steam
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The Simple Steam Power

Plant

Steam Turbine to produce Electricity

Oil could be used

instead of coal.

CHOICE OF STEAM TURBINE

The choice of steam turbine depends on the
following factors :
(i) Capacity of plant
(ii) Plant load factor and capacity factor
(iii) Thermal efficiency
(iv) Reliability
(v) Location of plant with reference to availability of
water for condensate.

Construction

Rotor
Blades or Buckets
Nozzles
Bearing

Turbine Blades(Buckets)
FIXED BLADES:
These are constructed in halves. Fixed blades have a
convergent nozzle shape.

MOVING BLADES:
These can be shaped either in reaction or impulse. The
K.E is transferred to a row of moving blades. Moving
blades converts this K.E in to mechanical energy by
rotation.

Rotor

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Nozzle

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Nozzle

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Bearing

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Bearing

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Impulse Turbine Basic

Priciple

The toy pinwheel can be used to study

some of the basic principles of turbines.
when you blow on the rim of the wheel,
it spins rapidly the harder you blow the
faster it run.

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IMPULSE TURBINE

An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient

the steam flow into high speed jets. A pressure
drop occurs across only the stationary blades,
with a net increase in steam velocity across the
stage.
The steam leaves the nozzle with a very high
velocity
The steam leaving the moving blades is a large
portion of the maximum velocity of the steam
when leaving the nozzle
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Impulse Turbine

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Basic Principle of Reaction

Turbine

Reaction turbine is built on principle of

Newtons third law of motion which
state:
For every action there must be an equal
and opposite reaction

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REACTION TURBINE

In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades

themselves are arranged to form convergent
nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of
the reaction force produced as the steam
accelerates through the nozzles formed by
the rotor.
The steam then changes direction and
increases its speed relative to the speed of
the blades

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A pressure drop occurs across both the

stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating
through the stator and decelerating through
the rotor, with no net change in steam
velocity across the stage but with a decrease
in both pressure and temperature

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Comparision of Impulse and

Reaction Turbine

In case of an impulse turbine the pressure

remains same in the rotor,but in case of
reaction turbine the pressure decreases in
rotor as well as stators also.
In case of impulse turbine the pressure
drop happens only in the nozzle part by
means of its kinetic energy. In case of
Reaction one the stators those are fixed to
the diaphragm act as a nozzle.

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Main Componets of
Turbine
TANDUM COMPOUND:
The different cylinders(HP-IP and LP cylinders)
mounted over one common shaft to derive a
generator is called the tendum compound.
SHROUDING:
A metal band along the outer rim of the blading is
called a shrouding, which ties the blading together.

STAGE:
One row of moving and one row of fixed blade is
called a stage.
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ROTOR:
The rotor assembly consists of turbine shaft and
attached moving blades.

CYLINDER:
A turbine rotor assembly and casing as a unit
is called a cylinder.

BEARINGS:
Bearings keep the rotor in its correct axial
position.

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TURNING GEAR:
Function of turning gear is to keep the turbine
turning during startup and shut down periods .

EXHAUST HOOD COOLING SYSTEM:

This system is designed to reduce the stresses
on turbine parts that could result from
exposures to high temperatures

GLAND STEAM SEALING:

The steam is admitted to the rotor glands to
prevent air ingress to LP turbine and steam leak
out from HP-IP rotor glands.

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TURBINE VALVES

Main stop valves

MSV pilot valves open and
steam enters in chest by full arc admission. Its
for proper warming of steam chest

Governing valves
Valve transfer takes place,
control shifts from MSV s to GV s

Interceptor valves
ICV regulates or shuts off
the steam flow rate during emergency or shut
down. Starts to close on overspeeding.
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ECCENTRICITY:
The amount that rotor deviates from its normal
center of rotation. It will be active up to 600
rpm.
ROTOR POSITION:
Rotor position indicator indicates relative
movement between thrust bearing collar and
thrust bearing pedestal.
VIBRATION:
The radial movement of the shaft is
measured in terms of vibration. The excessive
vibration will cause shaft and seal wear and
bearing damage.
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PROTECTIVE DEVICE
Following protective device must be carried out
on
monthly basis.
1. Over speed test.
2. Condenser vacuum low trip.
3. Bearing oil pressure low trip.
4. Thrust bearing wear trip.

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STEAM
TURBINE
The capacities of small turbines and coupled
generators vary from 500 to 7500 kW whereas
CAPACITY

large turbo alternators have capacity varying from

10 to 90 mW. Very large size units have capacities
up to 500 mW.
Generating units of 200 mW capacity are
becoming quite common. The steam consumption
by steam turbines depends upon steam pressure,
and temperature at the inlet, exhaust pressure
number of bleeding stages etc. The steam
consumption of large steam turbines is about 3.5
to 5 kg per kWh.

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STEAM TURBINE
CAPACITY
Turbine kW = Generator kW / Generator efficiency
(CONT)

Generators of larger size should be used because

of the following reasons:
(i) Higher efficiency.
(ii) Lower cost per unit capacity.
(iii) Lower space requirement per unit capacity.
3.45.1 Nominal rating.
It is the declared power capacity of turbine
expected to be maximum load.

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CAPABILITY

The capability of steam turbine is the maximum

continuous out put for a clean turbine operating
under specified throttle and exhaust conditions
with full extraction at any openings if provided.

The difference between capability and rating is

considered to be overload capacity. A common
practice is to design a turbine for capability of
125% nominal rating and to provide a generator
that will absorb rated power at 0.8 power factor. By
raising power factor to unity the generator will
absorb the full turbine capability.

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ADVANTAGES OF STEAM TURBINE

It requires less space.

Absence of various links such as piston, piston rod,
cross head etc. make the mechanism simple. It is
quiet and smooth in operation,
Its over-load capacity is large.
It can be designed for much greater capacities as
compared to steam engine. Steam turbines can be
built in sizes ranging from a few horse power to over
200,000 horse power in single units

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ADVANTAGES OF STEAM TURBINE (cont)

The internal lubrication is not required in steam

turbine. This reduces to the cost of lubrication.
In steam turbine the steam consumption does not
increase with increase in years of service.
In steam turbine power is generated at uniform rate,
therefore, flywheel is not needed.
It can be designed for much higher speed and
greater range of speed.
The thermodynamic efficiency of steam turbine is
higher.
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SPECIFICATION
Type.. Single reheat condensing tandem
two cylinder double flow

exhaust
MCR. 362 MW
Speed. 3000 rpm
Direction of rotation..... clockwise (from GV end)
Inlet pressure.... 169kg/cm2
Inlet temperature.. 538 C0 (Main steam and reheat)
Exhaust pressure . 692 mmHg
No of Extractions. 8
Blading:
HP Turbine.Impulse 1 Stage (Rateau).
Reaction11Stages.
IP Turbine.. Reaction10 Stages.
LP Turbine.Reaction..6 Stages.
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APPLICATI
ON

LIMIT

ALARM/TRIP

Main steam + 8 0 C
and hot
reheat steam + 14 0 C
(Turbine
Inlet)
+ 28 0 C

Max allowable temperature

Main steam +5 %
Pressure
(Turbine
+10 %
Inlet)

Mean allowable for

continous operation.

+20 %

Emergency Allowable

Max In A amount

REMARKS

With in 400 hrs in a year

With in 15 minutes
continuously & 80 hrs a
year

Maximum allowable for

continous operation.

Max Emergency allowable.

With in 12 hrs in a year.

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APPLICATION

Journal
bearing metal
temperature

LIMIT

ALARM/TRIP

107 0 C

Alarm

113 0 C

Trip

Thrust bearing 99 0 C
metal
temperature
107 0 C

Alarm

Bearing oil
drain
temperature

Alarm

77 0 C

Exhaust Hood 80 0 C
Temp.
70 0 C
120 0 C

REMARKS

Trip

Alarm
Spray set point
Trip
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APPLICATION

LIMIT

Condenser
Vacuum

692 mm Hg
635 mmHg
500 mmHg

Vacuum
Breaker

< 400 rpm

Over speed
trip.

< 111 %

Valve stem
free test

75 % load

Bearing oil
temp. at exit
of oil cooler

50 0 C

ALARM/TRIP

REMARKS

Normal
Alarm
Trip

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APPLICATION

LIMIT

ALARM/TRIP

REMARKS

Eccentricity
Rotor
Vibration

0.075 mm
0.125 mm
0.25 mm

Alarm
Alarm
Trip

0 600 rpm

Rotor
Position

+ 0.9 mm

Alarm

+ 1 mm

Trip

+ thrust side.
- Anti thrust
side.

2.1 Kg/cm2

Alarm

Thrust
bearing wear

5.6 Kg/cm
Differential
expansion

Trip

- 1.7 15.8 Alarm

mm
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Thank You

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