Monday Sept 8th, 2008

Slide 1

Chapter 1

Introduction
 Uses of Computer Networks
Slide 2

• Business Applications
• Home Applications
• Mobile Users
• Social Issues
 Business Applications of Networks
Slide 3

A network with two clients and one server.

Business Applications of Networks (2)
Slide 4

The client-server model involves requests and replies.

 Home Network Applications
Slide 5

• Access to remote information

• Person-to-person communication
• Interactive entertainment
• Electronic commerce
 Home Network Applications (2)
Slide 6

In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and servers.

 Home Network Applications (3)
Slide 7

Some forms of e-commerce.

 Mobile Network Users
Slide 8

Combinations of wireless networks and mobile computing.

 Network Hardware
Wednesday Sept 10th, 2008
Slide 9

• Local Area Networks (LAN)

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
• Wide Area Networks (WAN)
• Wireless Networks
• Home Networks
• Internetworks
 Broadcast Networks
Slide 10

Types of transmission technology

• Broadcast links
– Broadcast : send to everyone
– Multicast : send to a set of nodes
• Point-to-point links
 Broadcast Networks (2)
Slide 11

Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

 Local Area Networks
Slide 12

Two broadcast networks

(a) Bus (e.g. Ethernet - IEEE 802.3)
(b) Ring
 Metropolitan Area Networks
Slide 13

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

Another example : (Wimax IEEE 802.16)
 Wide Area Networks
Slide 14

Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.

 Wide Area Networks (2)
Slide 15

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

 Wireless Networks
Slide 16

Categories of wireless networks:

• System interconnection (e.g.
Bluetooth)
• Wireless LANs (e.g. Wifi)
• Wireless WANs (e.g. Mobile
phone, Wimax)
 Wireless Networks (2)
Slide 17

(a) Bluetooth configuration

(b) Wireless LAN
 Wireless Networks (3)
Slide 18

(a) Individual mobile computers

(b) A flying LAN
 Home Network Categories
Slide 19
• Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals
• Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3)
• Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax)
• Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco)
• Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).
 Network Software
Monday Sept 15th, 2008
Slide 20

• Protocol Hierarchies
• Design Issues for the Layers
• Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
• Service Primitives
• The Relationship of Services to Protocols
 Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
Slide 21

Protocol : agreement between two parties

(peers) on how communication is to proceed

Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

 Protocol Hierarchies (2)
Slide 22

The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture.

 Protocol Hierarchies (3)
M : message
Slide 23 H : Head
T : Tail

Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5.

 Design Issues for the Layers
Slide 24

• Addressing (to whom)

• Error Control (error in message content)
• Flow Control (transmitted too fast)
• Multiplexing (sharing the wire)
• Routing (changing from one network to another)
 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless
Slide 25
Services
Service : a communication function
provided by a layer to the upper layer

Before communication,
set up configuration
e.g. mobile communication

No set up before
communication,
e.g. SMS

Six different types of service.

 Service Primitives
Slide 26

Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-

oriented service.
 Service Primitives (2)
Slide 27

Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a

connection-oriented network.
 Services to Protocols Relationship
Slide 28

Service vs Protocol
Communication Service : set of primitives at the interface level
Protocol : set of rules on message format and meaning

The relationship between a service and a protocol.

 Reference Models
Slide 29

• The OSI Reference Model

– Open Systems Interconnection

• The TCP/IP Reference Model

• A Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP
• A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
• A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model

Monday Sept 22nd, 2008

 Reference Models
Slide 30
PDU :
Protocol Data Unit

The OSI
reference
model.
 Reference Layer
Slide 31

Layer 1 (Physical layer) : transmit 1,0 over a physical signal (electric, voltage,
noise, …)
Layer 2 (Data link layer) : transmit a sequence of bits called Frame. The size of a
frame is limited. Error transmission is handled there. Ack support
When broadcast network (ethernet) than handles network access

Layer 3 (Network layer) : transmission over other physical networks. Routing

function. Congestion (Flow control)

Layer 4 (Transport layer) : Message of any length. Overall communication service.

 Reference Models (2)
Slide 32

The TCP/IP reference model.

 Reference Models (3)
Slide 33

Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.

 Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Models
Slide 34

Concepts central to the OSI model

• Services
• Interfaces
• Protocols
A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
Slide 35

Why OSI did not take over the world

• Bad timing
• Bad technology
• Bad implementations
• Bad politics
 Bad Timing
Slide 36

The apocalypse of the two elephants.

A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model
Slide 37
Problems:
• Service, interface, and protocol not distinguished
• Not a general model
• Host-to-network “layer” not really a layer
• No mention of physical and data link layers
• Minor protocols deeply entrenched, hard to replace
 Hybrid Model
Slide 38

The hybrid reference model to be used in this book.

 Example Networks
Slide 39
• The Internet

• Connection-Oriented Networks:
X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM

• Ethernet

• Wireless LANs: 802:11

 The ARPANET
1970s
Slide 40
TCP/IP 1974

(a) Structure of the telephone system.

(b) Baran’s proposed distributed switching system.
 The ARPANET (2)
Slide 41

The original ARPANET design.

 The ARPANET (3)
Slide 42

Growth of the ARPANET (a) December 1969. (b) July 1970.

(c) March 1971. (d) April 1972. (e) September 1972.
 NSFNET
Slide 43

The NSFNET backbone in 1988.

 Internet Usage
Slide 44

Traditional applications (1970 – 1990)

• E-mail
• News
• Remote login
• File transfer
 Architecture of the Internet
Slide 45

Overview of the Internet.

 ATM Virtual Circuits
Slide 46

Wednesday Sept 25th, 2008

A virtual circuit.
 ATM Virtual Circuits (2)
Slide 47

An ATM cell (i.e. “packet”).

 The ATM Reference Model
Slide 48

The ATM reference model.

 The ATM Reference Model (2)
Slide 49

The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.

 Ethernet
Slide 50

Architecture of the original Ethernet.

 Wireless LANs
Slide 51

(a) Wireless networking with a base station.

(b) Ad hoc networking.
 Wireless LANs (2)
Slide 52

The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
 Wireless LANs (3)
Slide 53

A multicell 802.11 network.

 Network Standardization
Slide 54

• Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World

• Who’s Who in the International Standards World
• Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World
 ITU
Slide 55
• Main sectors
• Radiocommunications
• Telecommunications Standardization
• Development
• Classes of Members
• National governments
• Sector members
• Associate members
• Regulatory agencies
 IEEE 802 Standards
Slide 56

The 802 working groups. The important ones are

marked with *. The ones marked with  are
hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.
 Metric Units
Slide 57

The principal metric prefixes.