Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
OF MASS DESTRUCTION
BY
MIOR ROSLAN BIN MIOR MOHD JAAFAT
KS D
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Highlight the difference between disarmament and arms control
The role played by arms control during the Cold War
Criticism of arms control by the end of the Cold War
Usefulness of arms control in preserving peace and security in
the post cold war period
IMPORTANT
CONCEPT
The term arms race, in its original usage, describes a competition between two
or more parties for the best armed forces. Each party competes to produce
larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in
a technological escalation. Nowadays the term is commonly used to describe
any competition where there is no absolute goal, only the relative goal of
staying ahead of the other competitors. -To extend a country's military power
faster than another.
From 1891 to 1919, arms race between several Europeans countries, including Germany,
France, Russia, and others took place. Specifically, Germany's envy of Britain's superior
navy in the run up to world War 1I resulted in a costly building competition of
dreadnought-class ships. This tense arms race lasted until June 1914, when, after two
antagonic power blocs were formed because of the rivalry, the World War broke out. After
the war, a new arms race developed among the victorious Allies. The Washington naval
treaty was only partly able to put an end to the race.
A nuclear arms race developed during the Cold war a period of high tensions between
the former soviet union and the United States of America. On both sides, perceived
advantages of the adversary (such as the missile gap led to large spending on
armaments and the stockpiling of vast nuclear arsenals
ARMS CONTROL
WEAPONS CONTROL
TREATY DEVELOPMENT
In July 1968, NPT (Non Proliferation Treaty) was signed by
nuclear countries.
China and France refused to sign and other states rejected
the treaty pon the ground that it froze the nuclear status
KEY
POINTS
The late 1940s and early 1950s saw a growing disillusionment
with disarmament in dealing with the problems posed by weapons
of mass destruction
The late 1950s brought new thinking and the development of the
theory of arms control
The aim of arms control was to make the prevailing system work
more effectively
KEY POINTS-CONTD
The Cuban Missile Crisis ushered in a new golden age of
arms control agreement
By 1970s, however, arms control as an approach to peace an
security faced increasing problems
There were continuing difficulties in the 1980s, which meant
that despite the INF Agreement in 1987 there was growing
feeling that the disadvantage of arms control outweighed the
benefits
INTERNATIONAL
REGIMES ON WMD
3 key categories of WMD (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical) plus
the missile delivery systems associated with them, each has
an international regime devoted to their control.
1. The Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)-5 th March
1970. 189 members. Only India, Israel, North Korea and
Pakistan did not signed.
INTERNATIONAL REGIMES ON
WMD, CONTD
-2 categories of signatories
1.
2.
KEY POINTS
The post cold war period saw flurry (sudden rush) of arms
control agreement
Despite the lessening of hostility between the united states
and russia, however, progress was slow and intermittent
Increasingly the utility of arms control was perceived to have
declined in the changed international environment which
emerged especially after 9/11
The end of cold war has brought about a new set of threats,
although smaller in size, but more numerous and potentially more
acute.
According to CIA Director James Woosley:
it was as if we were struggling with a large dragon for 45 years,
killed it, and then found ourselves in a jungle full of poisonous
snakes
THE EMERGENCE OF
COUNTER-PROLIFERATION
Counter-Proliferation defined by Butcher as
The military component of non-proliferation, in the same
way that the military is a component of foreign policy
Definition By Davies
the activities of the department of Defense across full range
of US efforts to combat proliferation, including diplomacy,
arms control, export controls and intelligence collection and
analysis, with particular responsibility for assuring US forces
and interest can be protected should they confront and
adversary armed with WMD or missiles
EMERGENCE OF COUNTERPROLIFERATION
In 2004 US Joint Chief of Staff issue a statement on
countering WMD , define non-proliferation as
action to prevent the proliferation of WMD by dissuading
or impeding access to, or distributing of sensitive
technologies
(cited arms control and international treaties as relevant
activities)
Counter-proliferation defined as
Military activities taken to defeat against the range of WMD
acquisition, development and employment situation
KEY POINTS
Strategic response against WMD proliferation are
those involving military means. Also
means-counter-proliferation
Counter-proliferation is of interest during the
post-cold war period because of the emergence of
smaller potentially more immediate threat and a
sense that arms control may be of limited use
Concern about proliferation of WMD, especially
nuclear weapons, is significantly driven by a
concern that they may be used to deter US-led
intervention
VIEWS ON ARMS
CONTROL
From the cold war experience, arms control agreement had play
some role in contributing to international security
Arms control is rarely of decisive importance and it is not a solution
in its own right
Arms control has traditionally been a fundamentally conservative
policy. Its aim is to introduce some measures of predictability into
an adversarial relationship
Therefore, arms control cannot by itself create stability or peace
Arms control in controlling weapons is only a means to an ends,
not an ends in itself
Arms control relies on the assumption that adversarial states see a
mutual interest in avoiding outright conflict
VIEWS ON ARMS
CONTROL
Arms control was workable during the cold
war because there was real confrontation
Now without confrontation, arms control is no
longer require to inject stability or
predictability into a conflict
Arms control now comes to means about how
to eliminate surplus military capability i.e.
ageing cold war arsenal. Therefore no longer
required formal verified treaties
FROM COUNTER-PROLIFERATION
BACK TO ARMS CONTROL
Due to the difficulties of implementing forceful counter-proliferation,
international community have renewed interest in arms control
The arms control has broader strategy with the intention to
-Enhanced the non-proliferation regimes
-Renewed interest in traditional bilateral and multilateral arms control measures
-Counter-proliferation arrangement through network of partnership activities
use as a toolkit against state or non state-actors intent to proliferate WMD
(Proliferation Security Initiatives, UN Resolution 1540, Global initiative to
combat Nuclear Terrorism, The Global Nuclear energy partnership, and the
cooperative Threat Reduction Program)
The emergence of The New Abolitionist (George Shultz, William Perry, Henry
Kissinger, Sam Nunn) which called for urgent action to stop depending on
nuclear weapons in order to prevent further proliferation in dangerous hands.
The necessity to bring in into force the comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, Fissile
Material Cut-off Treaty, and further cuts in offensive strategic capabilities of US
and Russia.
CONCLUSION
There is no single approach to the problem of controlling
weapons of mass destruction-(disarmament, arms control or
counter-proliferation)
Arms control (traditional treaties and new partnership
arrangement) are not panacea (solution to social eveil)
Despite the imperfection of arms control arrangement, if
more consistently applied, verified and policed , can provide
preventive barriers