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BIOFUELS DEVELOPMENT FROM PLANT BASED SOURCES AND

ENVIRONMENTALLY-BENIGN ADAPTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

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ofEngineering
Technology,

Rajam

G M R INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAJAM - 532127

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UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr.M.Gangadhar
Mr. Niranjan Rao,
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Chem.Eng,
GMRIT.
BY
S.Dileep
(15341D8607)

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OBJECTIVE
Fossil fuels are dwindling and in order to maintain the current levels of energy use and the
transport systems we rely on ,we need to find alternatives.
There are also environmental concerns about the effects of using fossil fuels such as
pollution and climate change.
Biofuels may be part of the solution of these problems .The energy obtained from biofuels
is bioenergy.
Bioenergy is the energy derived from harvesting biomass such as crops, trees or
agricultural waste and using it to generate heat, electricity or transport fuels.
The benefits of bioenergy include, sustainable and renewable fuels, decreased carbon
dioxide release into the atmosphere and turning the problem of waste into a source of
energy. Biofuels can be effectively carbon neutral and in some cases may use emissions
from power plants as a carbon source.

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INRODUCTION

Biofuels could power our cars, heat our homes and maybe fuel our
planes. Liquid biofuels represent the only sustainable alternative current
transport fuel.

BBSRC research is focusing on advanced biofuels from inedible

and non-food crops as well as waste. Currently biofuels are combined
with oil-based fuels so that typical UK petrol is composed of 3-4%
biofuel.

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At present much of this biofuel comes from sources that directly or

indirectly compete with land and resources that would otherwise be

used to grow food.

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Biomass can be burned directly to generate heat and/or power either own
or co-fired alongside conventional fuels such as coal.
Alternatively, biomass can be treated to create gaseous or liquid biofuels
which can be used on their own or in conjunction with conventional fuels
such as coal or natural gas.
The initial emphasis is on motor vehicle fuels, but the same principles
apply to aviation fuels, where bio-products provide the only sustainable
alternative to kerosene.

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1. Global Energy Trends

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Outline

3. Biofuels

2. Global and local drivers

4. Biodiesel
5. Biomass
6. Advantages
7. Conclusion
8. Reference

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1. Global Energy Trends

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Climate Change and peak oil shaping future energy agenda

Renewables account for about 17% of Global Primary Energy
(Traditional Biomass 9%, Large Hydro 5.7% and Other
Renewables 2%)
Renewables Power capacity excluding large hydro-power
touched 182 GW in 2005
Investments in New Renewable Capacity touched $ 70 Billion in
2006
Fastest growth taking place in the field of liquid Biofuels
Ethanol and Biodiesel

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2. Drivers of Biofuels Development Global

High and volatile Context
oil prices

rising demand (India, China);

instability in major oil producing regions;

higher exploration costs; and

finite nature of global oil resources.

Climate change agenda

Agriculture and trade policies
Sustainability issues
Technological advances and emerging more
efficient conversion technologies

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2. Drivers of Biofuels Development African Context

Africa has 13% of global population yet uses 3% of electricity used globally.
Only 1 in 4 people in Africa has access to electricity.
Under exploitation of available resources : 6% of hydroelectricity and 0.6% of

geothermal potential exploited.

Abundance and decentralized availability of biomass resources

Need to raise GDP growth rate from 3.5% to 8% if Africa is to meet the MDGs &

means a corresponding increase in energy demand.

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Key issues, challenges and risks of biofuels

include..

Environmental Challenges.
Production chain and application should have positive energy and GHG
balances.
Sustainable water use and no additional water contamination
Environmental responsibility and conservation of natural resources and
biodiversity.
Minimize soil erosion and degradation
Minimum environmental emission from Bio fuels production technologies
Socio-Economic Challenges
Reduce competition and strengthen synergies with food sector/land.
Balancing between large-scale and small-scale production
Production should lead to local and shared prosperity
Technology Challenges
Identifying appropriate plants for specific regions.
Appropriate technologies for communities and businesses.
Increasing production

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Using biomass for energy

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1. Biomass used for Energy production

Solid
Gas
Liquid
Combined Power-heat coupling
Transport fuel
Industrial applications for process heat

2. Biomass used as Raw Material for industrial activities

Cosmetic, washing powder, fertilizer, plastic, packing materials, Textiles,
Cellulose, raw materials for pharma products, etc.

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Bio-Fuels

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Type of Renewable Energy (derived from the Sun).

Biofuels are liquid fuels made from esters, alcohols,
ethers, and other biomass chemicals (Source: US Dept.
of Energy).
Common biofuels include: ethanol and biodiesel.
Ethanol is made from starches / sugars.
Biodiesel is an ester made from vegetable oils, animal
fats or other types of biomass.

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B100 = 100% biodiesel / B20 = 20% / B5 = 5% / B2 = 2

Production process: Transesterification (of oil)

Main crops used for producing biodiesel:
Rapeseed (Europe)
Soybean (US)
Jatropha (Africa, India)
Castor Bean (Africa, China, S. America)
Palm Oil (Tropical areas)
More

Other oil-enriched crops: Coconut, Brazil nuts, Jojoba, Peanuts,

Cotton seed, Sunflower, and many more.

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BIODIESEL Final Product

Biodiesel 100%

Glycerin
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BioDiesel is here
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From the Farmer to the Fuel Tank

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Oilseed
Meal
Energy Crop
R&D

Farming
Crushing

Crop Oil

Biodiesel

Biodiesel Production
Glycerin
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BioDiesel A better fuel vs. Diesel

Benefits

Features

Higher cetane
Greater lubricity
Superior detergency
Higher flash point

More mileage
Greater horsepower
Less smoke
Smoother running engines
Quicker starts
Longer engine life
Reduced maintenance

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Biodiesel Advantages

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Produced from renewable materials eco friendly /

closed CO

cycle.

Local & self production less reliance on foreign oil.

Contains practically no sulfur (0.001%) non toxic.

Considerably decreases emissions (up to 50%).

Easily decomposes does not harm soil or ground

water.

Biodiesel is not hazardous material (flashpoint above

110C).

Eligible as fuels under international standards &

specifications (world-wide).

Eligible for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism - Kyoto

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Treaty).

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Biodiesel Drawbacks
Biodiesel can be corrosive to rubber
materials.
Biodiesel is not necessarily more
economic than regular diesel.
Depend on the plants, their
related processes and, other
incentives.

Biodiesel can last up to 6 months. In

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6-12 months
need
to be treated.
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75% of total biodiesel production belong to 4 corporations:

ADM (Archer Daniels Midland), Cargill, Bunge & Saipol

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References
Bhatnagar A., Minocha A.K., 2009. Utilization of industrial waste for cadmium removal
from water and immobilization in cement. Chem. Eng. J., Vol.150
Agrawal A., Sahu K.K., 2006. Kinetic and isotherm studies of cadmium adsorption on
manganese nodule residue. J. Hazard. Mater.,Vol. B137,.
Ahluwalia S.S., Goyal D., 2005. Removal of heavy metals by waste tea leaves from
aqueous solution. Eng. Life Sci., Vol. 5.
Ahmed S., Chughtai S., Keane M.A., 1998. The removal of cadmium and lead from
aqueous solution by ion exchange with Na-Y zeolites. Sep. Puri. Technol., Vol. 13
Ajmal M., Rao R.A.K., Anwar S., Ahmad J., Ahmad R., 2003. Adsorption studies on rice
husk: removal and recovery of Cd(II) from wastewater. Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 86.
Al-Asheh S., Duvnjak Z., 1997. Adsorption of cadmium and other metals by pine bark. J.
Hazard. Mater.,Vol.56,.
Al-Asheh S., Duvnjak Z., 1998. Binary metal sorption by pine bark: study of equilibria and
mechanisms. Sep. Sci. Technol., Vol.33
Vieira R.H.S.F., Volesky B., 2000. Biosorption: a solution to pollution. Int. Microbiol., Vol.
3, pp. 1724.
Volesky B., 1990. Biosorption and biosorbents. In:Biosorption of Heavy Metals, ed. B.
Volesky. CRC Press Inc., Boca
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7. Conclusions
Biofuels can play a significant role for the development in Africa
Policies, research cooperations, partnerships and technology
transfer should be the basis for future biofuels program in Africa.
Sustainability (GHG-Reduction, Competition with food and local
applications, Biodiversity, Environment, Prosperity and Social well
being) is critical to its success
Initial focus of biofuels programs should be self-sufficiency in
energy with national, sub-regional, regional and global linkages.
This seminar should result in a common plan/program of action on
how Africa can exploit its biofuels potential in a sustainable manner.
Follow-up action is required at the national / sub-regional level for
ensuring an consistent, integrated and multi- disciplinary approach
to develop biofuels projects in a sustainable manner for improved
access, increased use in industrial transport sectors and enhancing
energy security in Africa.

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THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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