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Hypothalamus,

Limbic, Olfactory
and Gustatory
System
Andres S. Javier MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Anatomy
College of Medicine
UERMMMCI

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System

Objectives

Hypothalam
Hypothalamus
us
Limbic
System
Olfactory
System
Gustatory
System

To give an introduction of the


Hypothalamus
To describe the Hypothalamus by
A. Locating its regions and its
boundaries
B. Descrbing the hypothalamic
regions and the respective nuclei
C. Tracing principal afferent and
efferent connections

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System

Objectives

Hypothalam
Hypothalamus
us
Limbic
System
Olfactory
System
Gustatory
System

D. Enumerating the functions of the


hypothalamus
E. Describing the hypophyseal portal
system and its role in the endocrine
function
F. Naming the major hypothalamic
hormones and giving their functions
and source

Hypothalamus |Introduction
head ganglion of the ANS
subdivision of the
diencephalon
weighs 4g and forms <1%
of the
brains total weight
integrates functions of
endocrine,
autonomic(visceral motor),
somatic motor and limbic
system

Hypothalamus |Introduction
crucial to the survival of
the organism
Control of appetite
Fluid balance
Electrolyte balance
Glucose concentration
Metabolism,
Sleeping
Role in sexual behavior

Hypothalamus |Boundaries
3

4
8 14
9
1
0
11

12

13
2
5
1

Hypothalamus |Boundaries

Hypothalamus |Boundaries

Hypothalamus |Boundaries
Structure

Rostral (Anterior)

Anterior Commisure
Lamina Terminalis
Optic Chiasma

Caudal(Posterior)

Mamillary Body

Superiorly

Interventricular foramen

Inferiorly

Floor of the third ventricle

Medial

Third Ventricle

Lateral

Internal capsule
Subthalmic nucleus
Substantia innominata

Hypothalamus | Zones and Regions


ZONES
Periventricular
Medial
Lateral
REGIONS
Preoptic
Anterior
Middle
Posterior

Hypothalamus |Regions of Hypothalamic Nuclei

Hypothalamus |Zones
Periventricul
ar

Suprachiasm
atic nucleus
Paraventricu
lar nucleus
Arcuate
(infindibular)
nucleus

Hypothalamus | Medial zone/Medial hypothalamic area


Middle
orTuberal
region
Dorsomedial
nucleus
Ventromedial
nucleus
Infindibular
(arcuate)
nucleus
Posterior or
Mamillary
region
Posterior
nucleus

ypothalamus | Lateral zone/Lateral Hypothalamic are


Lateral
nucleus
Preoptic
nucleus
Suprachias
matic
nucleus
Supraoptic
nucleus

Tuberomammi
llary nucleus

Hypothalamus |Regions of Hypothalamic Nuclei

Hypothalamus |

Notes on Zones and Regions

Nuclei such as the:


PREOPTIC NUCLEUS,
SUPRACHIASMATIC
NUCLEUS and
PARAVENTRICULAR
NUCLEI overlap zones

Hypothalamus |Afferent Connections

Hypothalamus |Afferent Connections


Pathway

Origin

Destination

Medial and spinal lemnisci,


tractus solitarius, reticular
formation

Viscera and somatic


structures

Hypothalamic nuclei

Visual fibers

Retina

Suprachiasmatic
nucleus

Medial forebrain bundle

Olfactory mucous
membrane

Hypothalamic nuclei

Auditory fibers

Inner ear

Hypothalamic nuclei

Corticohypothalamic fibers

Frontal lobe of
cerebral cortex

Hypothalamic nuclei

Hippocampohypothalamic
fibers

Hippocampus

Hippocampus Nuclei
of mammillary body

Amygdalohypothalamic fibers

Amygdaloid complex

Hypothalamic nuclei

Thalamohypothalamic fibers

Dorsomedial and
midline nuclei of
thalamus

Hypothalamic nuclei

Tegmental fibers

Tegmentum of
midbrain

Hypothalamic nuclei

Hypothalamus |Efferent Connections

Hypothalamus |Efferent Connections


Pathway

Origin

Destination

Descending fibers in
reticular formation to
brainstem and spinal
cord

Preoptic, anterior,
posterior, and lateral
nuclei of
hypothalamus

Craniosacral
parasympathetic and
thoracolumbar
sympathetic outflows

Mammillothalamic
tract

Nuclei of mammillary
body

Anterior nucleus of
thalamus; relayed to
cingulate gyrus

Mammillotegmental
tract

Nuclei of mammillary
body

Reticular formation in
tegmentum of
midbrain

Multiple pathways

Hypothalamic nuclei

Limbic system

Hypothalamus |

Connections with the Hypophysis Cerebr

Connected by two pathways:


Nerve fibers that travel from
the
supraoptic
and
paraventricular nuclei to the
posterior lobe of the hypophysis
Long and short portal blood
vessels that connect sinusoids in
the
median
eminence
and
infundibulum
with
capillary
plexuses in the anterior lobe of
the hypophysis

Hypothalamus |Connections of the


Hypothalamus With the

Hypophysis Cerebri

Hypothalamic Regulatory
Hormone

Anterior Pituitary
Hormone

Functional Result

Growth hormone
releasing hormone
(GHRH)

Growth hormone (GH)

Stimulates linear
growth in epiphyseal
cartilages

Growth hormone
Growth hormone
inhibiting hormone
(reduced production)
(GHIH) or somatostatin

Reduces linear growth


in epiphyseal
cartilages

Prolactin-releasing
hormone (PRH)

Prolactin (luteotropic
hormone, LTH)

Stimulates
lactogenesis

Prolactin-inhibiting
hormone (PIH),
dopamine

Prolactin (luteotropic
hormone, LTH)
(reduced production)

Reduces lactogenesis

Corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH)

Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates adrenal
gland to produce
corticosteroids and sex
hormones

Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH)

Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)

Stimulates thyroid
gland to produce
thyroxine

Luteinizing hormone
releasing hormone

Luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle-

Stimulates ovarian
follicles and production

Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormone

Origin

Growth hormonereleasing
hormone (GHRH)
Growth hormoneinhibiting
hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin

Infundibular or arcuate
nucleus
Suprachiasmatic
nucleus

Prolactin-releasing hormone
(PRH)
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone
(PIH), dopamine
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH)

Luteinizing hormonereleasing
hormone (LHRH)

?
Paraventricular nuclei
Paraventricular and
dorsomedial nuclei and
adjacent areas
Preoptic and anterior
nuclei

Hypothalamus |

Functions

AUTONOMIC CONTROL
Basic Functions:
1. Regulation and control of
certain aspects of visceral
activity, particularly those
affected by the ANS and
pituitary gland
2. Control of the motor activity,
both somatic and visceral, of
emotional perceptions

Hypothalamus |

Functions

AUTONOMIC CONTROL
Anterior and preoptic area
- influence parasympathetic
responses
Posterior and lateral nuclei
- stimulation causes
sympathetic responses

Hypothalamus |

Functions

ENDOCRINE CONTROL
Paraventricular nuclei

Oxytocin
Supraoptic nuclei

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or


vasopressin
hypothalamo-hypohyseal tract
Arcuate and ventromedial nuclei
(Medial Zone)

releasing hormones/ inhibitory


releasing hormones
- hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal
vessels

Hypothalamus |

Functions

TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Anterior hypothalamic area
- HEAT LOSS CENTER
controls mechanism that
dissipate heat loss
>> cutaneous vasodilatation
and sweating >> decreased
body temperature

Lesion: hyperthermia

Hypothalamus |

Functions

TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Posterior hypothalamic
area
HEAT GAIN CENTER
- stimulation causes
vasoconstriction of skin blood
vessels and inhibition of
sweating
>> peripheral
Lesion:
hypothermiaand shivering
vasoconstriction
>> increased body temp

Hypothalamus |

Functions

REGULATION OF FOOD AND WATER


INTAKE
Lateral region
HUNGER OR FEEDING CENTER
(initiates feeling of hunger)
Medial/Ventromedial region
SATIETY CENTER (inhibits eating)
Lateral region
THIRST CENTER (increase in the
desire to drink)
Lesion: Anorexia
Lesion: Uncontrolled Voracious
appetite

Hypothalamus |

Functions

Hypothalamus |

Functions

EMOTION AND BEHAVIOR


Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Prefrontal cortex
Lateral nuclei
stimulation may cause signs and
symptoms of rage and
hyperactivity (lesion: passivity)
Ventromedial nuclei
stimulation may cause passivity
( lesion: rage)

Hypothalamus |

Functions

CONTROL OF CIRCADIAN
RHYTHM(Sleep-wakefulness
regulation)
Thalamus
Limbic system
Reticular activating system
Hypothalamus

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

via connections with ARAS


Lesion of anterior part of hypothalamusinterfere with rhythm of sleeping and
waking
Lesion of dorsolateral mammillary regionproduce somnolence

Hypothalamus |Functions of the Main Hypothalamic Nucle


Hypothalamic Nucleus

Presumed Function

Supraoptic nucleus

Synthesizes vasopressin (antidiuretic


hormone)

Paraventricular nucleus

Synthesizes oxytocin

Preoptic and anterior


nuclei

Control parasympathetic system

Posterior and lateral


nuclei

Control sympathetic system

Anterior hypothalamic
nuclei

Regulate temperature (response to heat)

Posterior hypothalamic
nuclei

Regulate temperature (response to cold)

Lateral hypothalamic
nuclei

Initiate eating and increase food intake

Medial hypothalamic
nuclei

Inhibit eating and reduce food intake


(satiety center)

Lateral hypothalamic

Increase water intake (thirst center)

(hunger center)

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System
Hypothalam
Hypothalamus
us
Limbic
System
Olfactory
System
Gustatory
System

End
To give an introduction of the
Hypothalamus
To describe the Hypothalamus by
A. Locating its regions and its
boundaries
B. Descrbing the hypothalamic
regions and the respective nuclei
C. Tracing principal afferent and
efferent connections

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System
Hypothalam
Hypothalamus
us
Limbic
System
Olfactory
System
Gustatory
System

End
D. Enumerating the functions of the
hypothalamus
E. Describing the hypophyseal portal
system and its role in the endocrine
function
F. Naming the major hypothalamic
hormones and giving their functions
and source

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System

Objectives

Hypothalamus
Limbic
Limbic
System
System
Olfactory
System
Gustatory
System

To give an introduction of the Limbic


System
To demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the limbic system by
A.Identifying the structures that
comprise the limbic system
B.Enumerating the sources of input
and output of the limbic system
C.Describing the major circuit of the
limbic system
(Papez Circuit)
D. Naming disorders involved

Limbic System |Introduction


Limbic (border) System
consists of a diverse group of
structures that
would include phylogenetically
ancient
cortical areas
a group of associated subcortical
nuclei as
well as associated pathways that
interconnect
regions of the telencephalon,
diencephalon
and brainstem
modulates hypothalamus whereby

Limbic System |Introduction


Limbic (border) System
Functions
species preservation
self preservation
expression of fear, motivation, as
well as memory and learning
Structures
Amygdaloid
Cingulate
Hippocampal formation
Mamillary Bodies
Parahippocampal formation
Subcallosal
Anterior thalamic nucleus

Limbic System |Hippocampal Formation


Hippocampal Formation
Includes:
HIPPOCAMPUS PROPER (Ammons
horn/Cornu ammonis)
DENTATE GYRUS
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS
involved in the consolidation of
short-memory into long term memory

Limbic System |Structures

Hippocampal Formation |

Hippocampal Formation |

Hippocampal Formation |

Hippocampal Formation

Hippocampal Formation

Hippocampal Formation and Amygdaloid

Structure |Hippocampal Functions


Hippocampal Formation
Both morphological and functional
evidence
support the thesis that the
hippocampus has
no direct relationship with the
sense of smell
The hippocampus maybe concerned
with
recent memory
The hippocampal formation appears
to have a

Structure |Functional Significance of the Amygdaloid


Amygdaloid

Olfactory sense
Fear and Anger Responses
Visceral
and
Autonomic
responses
Somatic Responses
Endocrine Responses

Structure |Hippocampus and Dentate Group


Points
Cortical
structure
of
the
parahippocampal gyrus is six-layered
Gradual transition from a six -->
three layers as cortex is traced into
the hippocampus
MOLECULAR
PYRAMIDAL
POLYMORPHIC
Dentate gyrus also has three layers,
but pyramidal is replaced by
GRANULAR

Layers|

Connecting Pathways |

Limbic System

Components

ALVEUS
FIMBRIA
FORNIX
MAMMILOTHALAMIC
TRACT
STRIA TERMINALIS

Connecting Pathways |

Limbic System

Connecting Pathways |

Limbic System

Limbic System |Afferent and Efferent Connections

Limbic System |Afferent Connections of the Hippocampus


Fibers arising in the

CINGULATE GYRUS

SEPTAL NUCLEI(nuclei lying


within
the midline close to the anterior
commissure)
pass posterior in the fornix

HIPPOCAMPUS

pass across the

midline to
the opposite hippocampus in the
commissure
of the fornix.

INDUSIUM GRISEUM pass


posteriorly in the longitudinal striae

ENTORHINAL AREA
DENTATE AND

Limbic System |Efferent Connections of the hippocampus


Fibers pass posterior to the anterior commissure

enter the
and end in

MAMMILLARY BODY,

MEDIAL NUCLEUS
to end in ANTERIOR NUCLEI
the

of

the
thalamus

to enter
midbrain

TEGMENTUM

of the

Fibers pass anterior to the anterior commissure

SEPTAL NUCLEI.
LATERAL PREOPTIC AREA and
ANTERIOR PART OF
HYPOTHALAMUS
to end in the

Fibers join the stria medullaris thalami

Limbic System |Papez Circuit

Hippocampus Alveus Fimbrae Fornix


Mamillary bodies Anterior nucleus of
thalamus Cingulate gyrus Entorhinal
cortex back to Hippocampus

Disorders of the Limbic System


Korsakoffs
psychosis
Alzheimers
disease
Hippocampal
ablation
Anterograde
Amnesia

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System
Hypothalamus
Limbic
Limbic
System
System
Olfactory
System
Gustatory
System

End
To give an introduction of the Limbic
System
To demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the limbic system by
A.Identifying the structures that
comprise the limbic system
B.Enumerating the sources of input
and output of the limbic system
C.Describing the major circuit of the
limbic system
(Papez Circuit)
D. Naming disorders involved

BREAK
FOR
5

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System

Objectives

Hypothalamus
Limbic
System
Olfactory
Olfactory
System
System
Gustatory
System

To give an introduction of the Olfactory


System
Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the pathways for
olfaction by
A.Enumerating the structures that
comprise the rhinencephalon
B.Stating the receptors for smell
C.Tracing the olfactory pathways
D. Naming some clinical disorders
involving olfactory pathways

Olfactory System |

Introduction

RHINENCEPHALON
nose brain
Oldest part of the cerebrum
phylogenetically
Has been since subordinated
in man to non-olfactory
portions of cerebrum
macrosmatic vs
microsmatic
Odors generate complex
associations of ideas, images
and personal interpretations
modified by past experiences
ACTIVATOR and SENSTIZER of
other neural systems

Olfactory System |

Introduction

RHINENCEPHALON
Includes structres that are
believed to be concerned with
smell:
OLFACTORY NERVE
OLFACTORY BULB
OLFACTORY TRACT
OLFACTORY STRIAE (medial,
intermediate, and lateral)
ANTERIOR OLFACTORY
NUCLEUS(within olfactory
bulb, tract and striae)

Olfactory System |

Introduction

RHINENCEPHALON
Includes structres that are
believed to be concerned with
smell:
ANTERIOR PERFORATED
SUBSTANCE
SUBCALLOSAL( or
paraolfactory area)
ANTERIOR PORTIONS OF THE
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL
AREA(including uncus)
HIPPOCAMPAL
FORMATION(beneath
parahippocampal gyrus)
PREPYRIFORM CORTEX

Olfactory System

Olfactory System

Olfactory System

Olfactory System

Olfactory System |

Cortex

Primary Olfactory Cortex (Area


34)
a. Prepiriform/ Piriform areas
b. Periamygdaloid

Secondary Olfactory Cortex


(Area 28)
a. Entorrhinal area- association
cortex for olfaction; site of
overlap between limbic and
olfactory systems

* Olfactory afferent pathway


projects directly into the cerebral

Olfactory System |

Reflexes

Connections are
numerous and
complex
Pathways for triggering
autonomic responses
Via the MEDIAL
FOREBRAIN BUNDLE
Via STRIA
MEDULLARIS
Via LIMBIC SYSTEM

Olfactory System |
-

Pathway

Primary sensory neurons in


olfactory
epithelium Pass through
cribriform plate
Synapse on secondary
neurons in the
olfactory bulb(mitral and
tufted cells)
Tufted cells synapse in the
anterior
olfactory nucleus and send
projects to all
olfactory areas
Mitral cells send collaterals to
the

Olfactory System | Olfactory Stria


Medial
- Projects to the frontal lobe(medial
olfactory area)
- Mediates emotional response to
odors and has connections to the
limbic system
Intermediate
- Projects to the anterior perforated
substance
Lateral
- Projects to lateral olfactory area
- Important Connections
LOS Stria Medullaris Habenula
LOS Pyriform Lobe, prepyriform
cortex, periamygdaloid area,

Olfactory System |

Disorders

Anosmia
CSF Rhinorrhea

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System
Hypothalamus
Limbic
System
Olfactory
Olfactory
System
System
Gustatory
System

End
To give an introduction of the Olfactory
System
Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the pathways for
olfaction by
A.Enumerating the structures that
comprise the rhinencephalon
B.Stating the receptors for smell
C.Tracing the olfactory pathways
D. Naming some clinical disorders
involving olfactory pathways

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System

Objectives

Hypothalamus
Limbic
System
Olfactory
System
Gustatory
Gustatory
System
System

Demonstrate knowledge and


understanding of the pathway for taste
sensation by
A.Describing the receptor for taste
B.Naming the cranial nerves that
subserve taste sensation
C.Tracing the pathway for taste

Gustatory System |Taste Receptors

Gustatory System |Taste Receptors

Gustatory System |Afferent Innervation for Taste Sensa

Gustatory System |Taste Pathway

Gustatory System |General Visceral Afferent Innervatio

Hypothalamus, Limbic, Olfactory and


Gustatory System
Hypothalamus
Limbic
System
Olfactory
System
Gustatory
Gustatory
System
System

End
Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the pathway for taste
sensation by
A.Describing the receptor for taste
B.Naming the cranial nerves that
subserve taste sensation
C.Tracing the pathway for taste

References
Snell, R.S. Clinical Neuroanatomy, 7th ed.,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.
Carague-Lansang, E.N., et al. Lansang
Notes: Modules in Neuroanatomy, 4th
ed., UERMMMC: Quezon City, 2006.
Blumenfeld, H. Neuroanatomy through
Clinical Cases, 2nd ed., Sinauer
Associates, Inc., 2010.
Fisch, A. Neuroanatomy Draw It to Know
It, 1st ed., Oxford University Press,
2009.
Netter, F. Atlas of Neuroanatomy and
Neurophysiology, 1st ed.,Icon Custom
Communication, 2002.
Junquiera, L.C., and Carneiro, J. Basic
Histology Text and Atlas, 11th ed.,
McGraw-Hill Companies. 2007
Patestas, M.A. and Gartner L.P. A
Textbook on Neuroanatomy, 1st ed.,

God bless you!


To laugh often and much;
to win the respect of intelligent people
and the affection of children,
to leave the world a better place,
to know even one life has breathed
easier
because you have lived,
this is to have succeeded.
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
For in him we live and move and have our
being. Acts 17:28

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