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Physics 355
Paul Drude
(1863-1906)
Paul Drude
(1863-1906)
Ohms Law
Experimental observation:
V I
E
j nevd
number
e ne
volume
Conventional current
Predicted
behavior
10
Resistivity
B
6
High T: Resistivity
limited by lattice
thermal motion.
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Temperature
Low T: Resistivity
limited by lattice
defects.
1 kB
8 W
L
2.45 10
2
T
3e
K2
2
vF
108 cm/s
1.29
F
eV
4.72
TF
104 K
5.48
Li
4.70
kF
108 /cm
1.11
Na
2.65
0.92
1.07
3.23
3.75
Cu
8.45
1.36
1.57
7.00
8.12
Au
5.90
1.20
1.39
5.51
6.39
Be
24.20
1.93
2.23
14.14
16.41
Al
18.06
1.75
2.02
11.63
13.49
Pb
13.20
1.57
1.82
9.37
10.87
E 32 k BT
Then,
U 32 Nk BT
And the electronic heat capacity would then be:
dU 3
Cel
2 Nk B
dT
D(F)
Therefore, U Nk BT
2
TF
which goes as T2.
and the heat capacity,
Cel = dU/dT goes as T, which
is the correct result.
Sommerfeld Constant
The Sommerfeld constant is proportional to the density of states at the
Fermi energy, since
1 2 2
k B g ( F )
3
Now, we look at this and say, Obviously! because only the electrons
very close to the Fermi energy can absorb energy.
The Sommerfeld constant is
also related to another, rather
important, concept in Solid
State Physics effective mass.
2 k F2 2
2 N
F
2m
2m
V
2/3
Effective Mass
~m
~ meffective
Sommerfeld Constant
observed calculated
mJ/ mol K 2
mJ/ mol K 2
me / m
Heavy Fermions
Heavy fermions are intermetallic compounds containing noncomplete 4f- or 5f-electronic shells. The orbital overlap with
ligand atoms in the lattice leads to strong correlation effects in
the system of delocalized electrons. As a result, the effective
mass of the electrons can increase by orders of magnitude as
observed
compared to the free electron mass.
mJ/ mol K 2
CeAl 3
CePb 3
UBe13
CeCu 2Si 2
CeCu 6
U 6 Fe
1700
1200
1100
1000
1000
24
Heavy Fermions
Electrical Conduction
Electrical Conduction
Hall Effect
In 1879, while working on his doctoral thesis,
Hall was pursuing the question first posed by
Maxwell as to whether the resistance of a coil
excited by a current was affected by the
presence of a magnet.
Does the force act on the conductor or the
current?
Hall argued that if the current was affected by
the magnetic field then there should be "a state
of stress... the electricity passing toward one
side of the wire."
Hall Effect
Initially, v vx x v y y vz z
E Ex x
B Bz z
d 1
F m
v e(E v B)
dt
net force in
x direction
net force in
y direction
Fx
Fy
d 1
m
dt
d 1
m
dt
v x e( E x v y B )
v y e( v x B )
Hall Effect
As a result, electrons
move in the y direction
and an electric field
component appears in the
y direction, Ey. This will
continue until the Lorentz
force is equal and
opposite to the electric
force due to the buildup of
electrons that is, a
steady condition arises.
Hall Effect
mv x
e( E x v y B )
mv y
e( E y v x B )
eB
C
m
vx
vy
eE x
C v y
m
eE y
C vx
m
Hall Effect
vy
eE y
m
C vx 0
C vx
Ey m
e
e
vx
Ex
m
vx
Ex m
e
eB
E y C E x
Ex
m
Hall Effect
The Hall coefficient is defined as:
eB
Ex
Ey
1
m
RH
2
jx B
ne
ne
Ex B
m
For copper:
n = 8.47 1028 electrons/m3.
Hall Effect