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One of a few
predominant bacteria in
the colonic microflora
Bifidobacteria
throughout the life.
produces ß-
Exert antimicrobial galactosidase enzyme
effect,immunomodulation that digest OSs and
properties, reduction of produce short chain
risk of cancer, improve fatty acids (SCFAs).
GI health.
Predominant products of carbohydrate metabolism
in the human colon
End Bacterial group involved Metabolic fate
product
Acetate Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, Metabolized in muscle,
Eubacteria,Lactobacilli, Clostridia, kidney, heart and brain
Ruminococci, Peptococci, Veillonella,
Peptostreptococci, Propionibacteria,
Fusobacteria, Butyrivibrio
Propionate Bacteroides, Propionibacteria, Cleared by the liver,
Veillonella possible glucogenic
precursor,suppresses
cholesterol synthesis
Butyrate Clostridia, Fusobacteria, Metabolised by the
Butyrivibrio, Eubacteria, colonic epithelium,
Peptostreptococci regulator of cell growth
and differentiation
End product Bacterial group involved Metabolic fate
Gibson, 1999
OSs and Mineral Absorption
SCFAs production- lowering of pH and
increased solubilization of minerals
Higher calcium and magnesium
absorption after ingestion of
commercially available OSs preparations
FOS have been shown to improve iron
bioavailability
However, no consistency regarding
mineral metabolism and OSs intake
OSs and Cancer Prevention
Colorectal cancer- carcinogen production
as as result of bacterial activity
OSs help in suppressing the activity of
enzymes that convert procarcinogens to
carcinogens
Help in proliferation of Bifidobacterium,
that activate cell wall and extracellular
immune system components
Lactulose protect against DNA damage
Effect of SCFA on colonic epithelial cells at
different stages of the adenoma-carinoma sequence
MMicroorganisms
= M cells of intestinal epithelium
Immune Response L = Lymphocytes
APC = Antigen presenting cells
Intestinal Epithelium
M Th = T-helper cells
IL = Interleukines
L
TGF = Tumour growth factor
L L
IFN = Interferon
APC
L TNF = Tumour necrosis factor
Ig = Immunoglobulin
TH
IgG ↑
B
TH2
TH1
IgA
IL-2 ↑
IFN-γ ↑
TNF-α ↑
IFN-α ↑
Viruses Tumors
Natural killer cells ↑
Macrophages ↑
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ↑
Reduction in cholesterol &
Triglyceride level
Colonocyte
Induce
peristalsis
Trophic & Ca++ Mg++
neoplastic Increased
effect mineral
absorption
SCFA Reduced pH
Energy supply
Lower pH Stool
Higher
water Bulking
content
Dahlia roots
Asparagus root
Ginger
Chicory roots
Percent inulin content (on fresh weight basis)
from some important sources
Source Inulin (%)
Garlic 15–20
Asparagus root 10–15
Salisfy 15–20
Jerusalem artichoke 15–20
Dahlia tubers 15–20
Chicory root 15–20
food formulations.
Both inulin and oligofructose are used
worldwide to add fiber to food products
without any off flavour or increase in
viscosity.
food formulations.
Inulin
Inulin is a plant OS found naturally in more
than 36,000 types of plants.
Fermented by a limited number of colonic
bacteria
Inulin
Fermented 10% Gases
by
50% VFA
Colonic
Microflora 40% Bacterial Biomass
Inulin
n or m equal the number of fructose units
Inulin intake in the U.S. = from 1 to 4 grams daily.
Inulin Production Processing
Chicory Root
Decolorization
Dimeralization
Spray Dry
(Smart, 1993)
GOS - DP 2 to 6, depends upon source of
enzyme, consist of - β1-3, β1-4, β1-6 bonds
(Gibson, 2004)
β-D-Galactosidase
Widely distributed in nature
β-D-galactosidase is commonly known as
lactase (Gekas et al.,1985)
Sources-Plants, bacteria, yeast, fungi,
animal organs
All lactases are not safe
Few are safe, already being used in
hydrolysis
Yeast and bacterial originated lactases are
generally used in milk (optimum pH 6 -7)
Fungal lactases for acid whey hydrolysis
(optimum pH 2.5 - 4.5) (Gekas, 1985)
Mechanism
Source of enzyme
Nature and concentration of
substrate
Type of process (immobilized/free)
Process condition and medium
composition
Degree of lactose conversion
Source of Enzyme
Most important factor to determine no. and
type of oligosaccharide (Smart, 1993)
Most of studies based on E. coli (Mahoney,
1998)
Lactase from Kluveromuces fragilis
reported highest OS concentration
At initial lactose conc. of 35%, 44.6% of OS
produced at 93% conversion of lactose both
have neutral pH optimum
(Zarate, 1990)
Galactosidase from K. fragilis and K. lactis
are generally very similar
(Mahoney, 1992)
Maxilact 2000 (K.lactis galactosidase)
found to produce a maximum amount of
trisaccharides (8%)
(Zarate et al.,
1990)
Lactase from A. niger reported low
formation of OS (1-2%)
(Mahoney,
1998)
Concentration & Nature of
substrate
Reaction leads to shift towards OS formation –
when lactose conc. higher
(Ekharte, 1997)
Initial conc.4.4% lactose- only 10% of total
sugar OS
If initial lactose concentration 13.3% - 26% of
total sugar OS
(Lopez leiva, 1990)
Lactose in buffer solution give larger amount
of OS than milk or its products
In first case OS – 25 to 44.6%
In second case OS – 1 to 25% (Mahoney, 1992)
Type of Process
(Ekharte, 1997)
Immobilized lactase with higher initial
lactose conc., showed lower production of
OS than free enzyme
(Prenosil, 1987)
Process conditions & Medium
composition
In specific cases higher temp, pH, salt conc -
produce high level of oligosaccharides
Enzymatic reaction
Decolourization
Demineralization
Filtration
Concentration Drying
Complex
E Lac
Complex
Glu
E
Acceptor GOS
Physiological Functions of GOS
Flavour
Colour Emulsification
Encapsulation Stabilization
Gelation
Application in Food Products
As sweetener
As fat mimetic
In infant formulae
Synbiotic products
As humectant
As bulking agent
OS BASED PRODUCTS
AVAILABLE IN MARKET
TYPE OF PRODUCT COMPANY DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT NAME
Prebiotic InufloraTM Naturally Tablet or powder form
Vitamins
Brannon, 2003
Toxicity Studies With OSs
Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status
No mutagenic effect, only diarrhea or
intestinal disturbances
Oligosaccharides Acute Chronic
Toxicity Toxicity
GOS 15g/kg 1.5g/kg
FOS 10g/kg 2.17g/kg
Inulin 25g/day