Part 2 - OOP

Programming Languages
Third Edition
Object-Oriented Programming
Objectives
Understand the concepts of software reuse and
independence
Become familiar with the Smalltalk language
Become familiar with the Java language
Become familiar with the C++ language
Understand design issues in object-oriented
languages
Understand implementation issues in objectoriented languages
Programming Languages, Third Edition
Introduction
Object-oriented programming languages began in
the 1960s with Simula
Goals were to incorporate the notion of an object,
with properties that control its ability to react to
events in predefined ways
Factor in the development of abstract data type
mechanisms
Crucial to the development of the object paradigm
itself
Introduction (contd.)
By the mid-1980s, interest in object-oriented
programming exploded
Almost every language today has some form of
structured constructs
These four requirements are satisfied

by the object-oriented paradigm.
Encapsulation Encapsulation is capturing data and keeping it

safely and securely from outside interfaces.
Inheritance- This is the process by which a class can be derived

from a base class with all features of base class and some of its
own. It allows a class to use the properties and methods of another
class. This increases code reusability.
Polymorphism- This is the ability to exist in various forms. It

allows you define one interface and have multiple
implementations.
Abstraction- The ability to represent data at a very conceptual

level without any details.
Programming in Java is largely based on building data

types.
It revolves around the concept of an object, an entity
that holds a data type value.
With Java's primitive types we are largely confined to
programs that operate on numbers, but with reference
types we can write programs that operate on strings,
pictures, sounds, or any of hundreds of other
abstractions that are available in Java's standard
libraries
Data types. A data type is a set of values and a set of operations on

those values.
Abstract data types. An abstract data type is a data type whose internal
representation is hidden from the client.
Objects. An object is an entity that can take on a data-type value.

Objects are characterized by three essential properties:
The state of an object is a value from its data type;
The identity of an object distinguishes one object from another;
The behavior of an object is the effect of data-type operations.
In Java, a reference is a mechanism for accessing an object.
Abstract data type

Definition: A set of data values and associated
operations that are precisely specified independent
of any particular implementation.
Abstract data type mechanisms can increase the
independence of software components by
separating interfaces from implementations
A data type can be considered abstract when it is
defined in terms of operations on it, and its
implementation is hidden
An abstract class is a generalization concept. It is a class you invent

to only use as a base class for inheritance but not to instantiate
objects from.
10
Abstract data types are a mechanism that guarantees the

encapsulation and hiding of information in a clean and efficient
manner.
Abstract data types guarantee the encapsulation and hiding of
information but they are rigid when used in a design with a degree
of complexity.
They permit the encapsulation and hiding of information.
They are equipped with a mechanism which, under certain conditions,
supports the inheritance of the implementation of certain operations
from other, analogous constructs.
They are framed in a notion of compatibility defined in terms of the
operations admissible for a certain construct.
They allow the dynamic selection of operations as a function of the
effective type of the arguments to which they are applied.
11
Software Reuse and Independence

Object-oriented programming languages satisfy
three important needs in software design:
1. Need to reuse software components as much as
possible.
2. Need to modify program behavior with minimal
changes to existing code.
3. Need to maintain the independence of different
components.
12

(contd.)
Four basic ways a software component can be
modified for reuse:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Extension of the data or operations

Redefinition of one or more of the operations
Abstraction
Polymorphism
13

(contd.)
Extension of data or operations:
Example: adding new methods to a queue to allow
elements to be removed from the rear and added to
the front, to create a double-ended queue or deque
14

(contd.)
Redefinition of one or more of the operations: (C#)
Example: a text window may have the same operations on it as
a general-purpose window, but the display operation needs
redefinition in order to display the text in the window as well as
the window itself. Similarly, if a square is obtained from a
rectangle, an area or perimeter function may need to be
redefined to take into account the reduced data needed in the
computation.
**** Operator overloading and overriding are not supported in
Java. In some other languages you can, and difference
between operator overloading and overriding is the same like
between function overloading and overwriting.
15

(contd.)
Abstraction, or collection of similar
operations from two different
components into a new component:
Example: can combine a circle and rectangle into an
abstract object called a figure, to contain the
common features of both, such as position and
movement
16

(contd.)
Polymorphism, or the extension of the type of data
that operations can apply to:
Examples: overloading and parameterized types
Application framework: a collection of related

software resources (usually in object-oriented form)
for developer use
Examples: Microsoft Foundation Classes in C++
and Swing windowing toolkit in Java
17
18
19

(contd.)
Object-oriented languages have another goal:
Restricting access to internal details of software
components
Mechanisms for restricting access to internal

details have several names:
Encapsulation mechanisms
Information-hiding mechanisms
20
Smalltalk
The Smalltalk project at Xerox PARC in the 1970s
streamlined the object metaphor and drew attention
to object-oriented programming.
Although the central object-oriented concepts in
Smalltalk resemble their Simula ancestors,
Smalltalk was not an incremental modification of
any previously existing language.
It was a completely new language, with new
terminology and an original syntax.
21
This is a list of some of the main advances of

Smalltalk over Simula:
The object metaphor was extended and refined

In Smalltalk, everything is an object, even a class.
All operations are therefore messages to objects.
Objects and classes were shown to be useful
organizing concepts for building
an entire programming environment and system.
Abstraction was added, using the distinction between
private instance variables (data associated with an
object) and
public methods (code for performing operations)
22
These short lists, however, do not do justice to the Smalltalk project.

Smalltalk was conceived as part of an innovative and forward-looking
effort that designed an entire computing system around a new
programming language.
Smalltalk is more flexible and more powerful than Simula or other
languages that preceded it, and many Smalltalk fans consider it a
better language than most that followed.
Smalltalk is untyped, allowing greater flexibility in the modification of
programs and greater flexibility in the use of general-purpose
algorithms on a variety of data objects.
In addition, the importance of treating everything as an object cannot
be underestimated. This is the source of much of the flexibility of
Smalltalk.
Smalltalk has many interesting and powerful facilities, including a
mechanism that allows objects to detect a message they do not
understand and to respond to the message.
23
Java
Originally intended as a programming language for
systems embedded in appliances
Emphasis was on portability and small footprint: write
once, run anywhere
Programs compile to machine-independent byte code

Provides conventional syntax, a large set of libraries,
and support for compile-time type checking not
available in Smalltalk
Is purely object-oriented, with one exception:
Scalar data types (primitive types) are not objects
24
25
26
27
28
Basic Elements of Java: Classes,

Objects, and Methods
A Java program instantiates classes and calls
methods to make objects do things
Many classes are available in standard packages
Programmer-defined classes can be placed in their
own packages for import
Variable definition is similar to that in C:
Method call is similar to Smalltalk:

29
Java Packages
30
31
Basic Elements of Java (contd.)

Example: program uses an imported class
32

Java Virtual Machine runs the program as
TextComplex.main(<array of strings>)
Command-line arguments present at launch are
placed into the args array
All classes inherit from the Object class by default

Data encapsulation is enforced by declaring
instance variables with private access
They are visible only within the class definition
33

When a number of objects are created from the same
class blueprint, they each have their own distinct copies
of instance variables.
In the case of the Bicycle class, the instance variables are
cadence, gear, and speed. Each Bicycle object has its
own values for these variables, stored in different memory
locations.
Sometimes, you want to have variables that are common
to all objects. This is accomplished with the static modifier.
34

Fields that have the static modifier in their declaration are
called static fields or class variables.
They are associated with the class, rather than with any
object.
Every instance of the class shares a class variable, which
is in one fixed location in memory.
Any object can change the value of a class variable, but
class variables can also be manipulated without creating
an instance of the class.
Accessor methods: allow programs to view but

not modify the internal state of a class.
35

Constructors: like methods, they specify initial
values for instance variables and perform other
initialization actions
Default constructor: has no parameters
Constructor chaining: when one constructor calls
another
Use of private access to instance variables and

accessor methods allows us to change data
representation without disturbing other code
Java uses reference semantics
Classes are also called reference types
36
Explanation:In the above class,you are not

creating any constructor so compiler provides you
a default constructor.Here 0 and null values are
provided by default constructor.
37

== is the equality operator for primitive types, and
also means object identity for reference types
Object class contains an equals method that can be
overridden in subclasses to implement a comparison of

two distinct objects
Methods are invoked after instantiation using dot

notation:
Can nest operations:
Java does not allow operator overloading like C++
Java does not allow multimethods, in which more
than one object can be the target of a method call
38
39
40
41
The Java Collection Framework:

Interfaces, Inheritance, and
Polymorphism
Framework: a collection of related classes
java.util package: contains the Java collection
framework
Interface: a set of operations on objects of a given
type
Serves as the glue that connects components in
systems
Contains only type name and a set of public method
headers; implementer must include the code to
perform the operations
42
The Java Collection Framework

(contd.)
43

(contd.)
44

(contd.)
<E> and E in the interface and method headers are
type parameters
Java is statically typed: all data types must be
explicitly specified at compile time
Generic collections: exploit parametric
polymorphism
Raw collections in early versions of Java did not
Examples:
45
46

(contd.)
Some classes, such as LinkedList, implement
more than one interface
A linked list can behave as a list or as a queue
Same methods can be called on the two List

variables even though they have different
implementations and different element types
Can only call Queue interface methods on the
queueOfFloats variable because it is type Queue
47

(contd.)
Example: develop a new type of stack class called
LinkedStack, as a subclass of the
AbstractCollection class
Gives us a great deal of additional behavior for free
Private inner class: a class defined within another

class
No classes outside of the containing class need to
use it
Java Iterable interface only contains the

iterator method
48

(contd.)
49

(contd.)
Iterator type is parameterized for the same
element type as its backing store

Is an interface that specifies three methods
To visit each element in the backing store, use

hasNext and next methods
50

(contd.)
Javas enhanced for loop is syntactic sugar for the
iterator-based while loop
Only prerequisites to use this: the collection class
must implement the Iterable interface and
implement an iterator method
Example:
51
Dynamic Binding and Static Binding

Static binding: process of determining at compile
time which implementation of a method to use by
determining the objects actual class
Actual code is not generated by the compiler unless
the method is declared as final or static
When Java cannot determine the objects method

at compile time, dynamic binding is used
Java uses a jump table, which is more efficient
than a search of an inheritance tree to perform
dynamic binding
52
Static binding is a binding which happens during compilation. It is also

called early binding because binding happens before a program actually runs.
53
Static binding is a binding which happens during compilation. It is also

called early binding because binding happens before a program actually runs.
54
Dynamic binding is a binding which happens during run time. It is also

called late binding because binding happens when program actually is
running.
55
56
Java - Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. The most

common use of polymorphism in OOP occurs when a parent class
reference is used to refer to a child class object.
Any Java object that can pass more than one IS-A test is considered to be
polymorphic. In Java, all Java objects are polymorphic since any object will
pass the IS-A test for their own type and for the class Object.
It is important to know that the only possible way to access an object is
through a reference variable. A reference variable can be of only one type.
Once declared, the type of a reference variable cannot be changed.
The reference variable can be reassigned to other objects provided that it
is not declared final. The type of the reference variable would determine
the methods that it can invoke on the object.
A reference variable can refer to any object of its declared type or any
subtype of its declared type. A reference variable can be declared as a
class or interface type.
57
58
Polymorphism
Java has two kinds of polymorphism:
Overloading : Static
Subtype : dynamic:
59
K. Louden, Programming Languages
60
Design Issues
in Object-Oriented Languages
Object-oriented features represent dynamic rather
than static capabilities
Must introduce features in a way to reduce the
runtime penalty of the extra flexibility
Inline functions are an efficiency in C++

Other issues for object-oriented languages are the
proper organization of the runtime environment and
the ability of a translator to discover optimizations
Design of the program itself is important to gain
maximum advantage of an object-oriented language
61

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Programming Languages

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

These four requirements are satisfied

Encapsulation Encapsulation is capturing data and keeping it

Inheritance- This is the process by which a class can be derived

Polymorphism- This is the ability to exist in various forms. It

Abstraction- The ability to represent data at a very conceptual

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming in Java is largely based on building data

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Data types. A data type is a set of values and a set of operations on

Objects. An object is an entity that can take on a data-type value.

In Java, a reference is a mechanism for accessing an object.

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Abstract data type

An abstract class is a generalization concept. It is a class you invent

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Abstract data types are a mechanism that guarantees the

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Software Reuse and Independence

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Software Reuse and Independence

Extension of the data or operations

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Software Reuse and Independence

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Software Reuse and Independence

Software Reuse and Independence

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Software Reuse and Independence

Application framework: a collection of related

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Software Reuse and Independence

Mechanisms for restricting access to internal

Programming Languages, Third Edition

This is a list of some of the main advances of

The object metaphor was extended and refined

These short lists, however, do not do justice to the Smalltalk project.

Programs compile to machine-independent byte code

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Basic Elements of Java: Classes,

Variable definition is similar to that in C:

Method call is similar to Smalltalk:

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Basic Elements of Java (contd.)

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Basic Elements of Java (contd.)

All classes inherit from the Object class by default

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Basic Elements of Java (contd.)

Programming Languages, Third Edition

Basic Elements of Java (contd.)

Accessor methods: allow programs to view but

Basic Elements of Java (contd.)

Use of private access to instance variables and