Chap.

0
CALCULUS &
LINEAR ALGEBRA I
(4 credits)

Agoes Soehianie
Swiss German University
Serpong - Indonesia

Rules of the Game

1. Learn the regulation of SGU
2. Some important points:

NO FOOD and LITTERING in CLASSROOMS

HP must be off during lectures

3. Grading:
40% Weekly Quizzes
60% Final Examination
if Fail after Final Exam Repetition
Grading Scale :
85-100
A
75-84
B
60-74
C
50-59
D
Below 50
F

Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Fail

COURSE PLAN
Introduction: Review of numbers & functions
Limits and Continuity
Differentiation
Application of Differentiation
Integration
Application of Integration
Exponential,Logarithmics and transcendental functions
Integration Techniques
Main Textbook:
Robert T. Smith and Rolland B. Minton, Calculus 2nd Edit
ion, Mc Graw Hill, ISBN: 0071124810

Academic Calendar

Semester 1,5,7
Course: 16 weeks
Silent week: 1 week
Final Exam: 2 weeks
Repetition: 1 week
Holiday Idul Fitri: 1 week
Holiday Christmas-New Year:
1 week

Important Dates
Semester 1,5,7:

Start: Mon, 22 August

Submit Midterm result: Fri, 14 October
Issue Mid term result: Fri, 21 October
End course: Fri, 16 December
Submit Final Exam Material: Dday - 2
Final Exam: Wed, 04 Tue, 17 January
Submit FE result: Dday + 2
Issue FE result: Mon, 23 January
Repetition: Mon, 30 January Fri, 03 Feb.
Submit Rep result: Dday + 2
Issue Rep result: Fri, 10 February

Chap. 00
Introduction

A. Soehianie
SGU-2005

Numbers and Graph

Illustration
Year

Population
1800

5,308,483

1810

7,239,881

1820

9,638,453

1830

12,866,020

1840

17,069,453

1850

23,191,876

1860

31,443,321

1870

38,558,371

1880

50,189,209

1890

62,979,766

1900

76,212,168

1910

92,228,496

1920

106,021,537

1930

123,202,624

1940

132,164,569

1950

151,325,798

1960

179,323,175

1970

203,302,031

1980

226,542,203

1990

248,709,873

Things to study:
1.

Which one is easier to

understand : table ? Graph?

2.

What can you learn from

this data? Growth?

Type of Numbers and Real Line

REAL
Irrational

2, e,, ....
Rational
2/3, ,1/4, .....
Integers
0,1,2,3,...

REAL LINE & Intervals

1

0
Closed Interval:
Open Interval:

[a, b] = {x R |a x
b },
(a, b) = {x R |a < x <
b },

Half Open Interval:(a, b] = {x R |a < x

b },

1
a

Properties of Real Numbers

If a and b are real numbers and a < b, then
(i) For any real number c, a + c < b + c.
(ii) For real numbers c and d, if c < d,
then a + c < b + d.
(iii) For any real number c > 0, a c < b c.
(iv) For any real number c < 0, a c > b c.

Solving Inequality

Linear Inequality
Quadractic Inequality
Fraction Inequality
Involving Absolute sign

Solving Linear Inequality

Problem. Solve the two-sided inequality 6 < 1 -3x 10.
Solution.
The above inequality is equivalent to : 6 < 1-3x AND 1-3x 10.
Those two inequalities must be satisfied simultaneously!
a) 6 < 1-3x 1-3x > 6 -5 3x > 0 -3 (5/3 + x) >0
Thus, 5/3 + x < 0 or x < -5/3.
b) 1-3x 10 -9-3x 0 3 (3+x) 0 or 3+x 0 x -3
Combining a) and b) we find the solution:
-3 x < -5/3

or in interval notation [-3,-5/3)

-5/3
-3
-3

-5/3

Solving Quadratic Inequality

Problem. Solve the quadratic inequality x2 + x - 6 > 0
Solution.
Write the inequality so that the rhs = 0
Write the equation as multiplication of factors:
(x+3)(x-2)>0
Draw a real line
Mark the roots locations (x=-3 and x=2)
This will divide the real line into several segments (e.g 3)
Analyse the sign of (x+3)(x-2) in each segment
Obtain the desired solution:
+++++

-3

----

++++

Solution
Solution is x<-3 or x>2, or (-~,-3) U (2,~)

Solving Inequality of the form a/b

Problem. Solve the inequality

x 1
0
x2

Solution.
Write the inequality so that the rhs =0 (done!)
Find the roots of numerator and denominator
Be careful with the roots of the denominator!
in this case, x -2
Draw a real line
Mark the roots locations (x=1 and x=-2)
This will divide the real line into several segments (e.g 3)
Analyse the sign of (x-3)/(x+2) in each segment
Obtain the desired solution:
+++++

-2

----

++++

Solution
Solution is x<-2 or x1, or (-~,-2) U [1,~)

Solving Inequality
Involving Absolute Sign

Learn yourself!

Lines
Slope (gradient):
special cases: vertical, horizontal,
positive, negative

Equations of straight line

Special lines:
Perpendicular
Parallel
Any angle?

Cartesian Plane
Cartesian Plane: A versatile tool for exploring relationship
between two real numbers (x,y) an ordered pair

(x,y)

Distance between 2 points:

d ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2

SLOPE : Definition

Y
Y2

m = tan () = slope = gradient=run

Y1
X1

X2

SLOPE: meaning
Slope=m=

y y '

x x'

Special Cases of Slope

Special Cases:
1) Vertical line, m= undefined
2) Horizontal line, m=0
3) m>0, slanted to the right

m=~

m>0

4) m<0, slanted to the left

m=0

m<0

Equation of Straight Line:

A point & Slope
Given a point (x0,y0) and a line passing throught this point with
slope m. Find the equation of the line.
Suppose a point (x,y) is in the line, then the slope must be:

y y0
x x0

And the equation

of line is given by

y y 0 m( x x 0 )

Equation of Straight Line: 2 points

Given two points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2). Find the equation of the
line passing through AB.
y 2 y1
( x x1 )
First, we calculate the slope, m
y y1

y y1
m 2
x2 x1

And use one of the point

(lets say A) and the
previous formula to get
the line:

x x
2 1
OR

y y1 y 2 y1

x x1 x2 x1

Special Relationship Between Two Lines

Parallel lines : same slopes!

Special Relationship Between Two Lines

Perpendicular lines : m1 * m2 = -1

Application: Extrapolation

See textbook p.16

Functions

B
(1)

B
(2)

B
(3)

Which of (1/2/3/4) describe a function

y=f(x), where xA and yB?

B
(4)

Graph of Functions

Testing A Graph: Is it a function?

Vertical Line Test

Some Elementary Functions

Examples:

Polynomials

f ( x) 2 x 3 x 2 7 x 15

Rational

f ( x)

Square root

f ( x)

Trigonometric

f ( x) 15 sin( x) 4 cos(3 x)

Exponential

f ( x) 10(3) x

Logarithmic

f ( x) 2 log( x 4)

7 x 15
x2 1
2 x 2 16

Polynomials

Rational Functions

Graph with vertical

asymptot

Graph with
horizontal asymptot

Domain of a Rational Function

-2

2
Domain

Definition & Domain of

Square Root Functions
When we write y=x, we mean that:
y is a positive number (0), such that
y2 = x.
Thus 4 = 2, NOT 4 =2.
If x2= 4 then x = 4, or x= 2
NOT only x = 4 (we need x = -4 also!)

Graphing Using Computers

Computer with appropriate softwares can help a lot in
visualizing a function by drawing the corresponding graph.
There are many softwares with different capability, e.g.
Excell, Lotus (spreadsheet), Sigmaplot, Origin, Matlab,
Mathematica, Maple. Many of those softwares are not only
for graphing!

Learn how to use general purpose software such

as Excell, particularly for graphing (and later
for computing & data processing)

Solving Equations
A solution of the equation f (x) = 0 is any number x 0
that satisfies the equation [i.e.,for which f (x0) = 0].
In this case, x0 is called a ZERO of the function f
(since x0 is a value that makes f zero) or a ROOT of
the equation f (x) = 0.
Special case: quadratic equation the abc formula

Other methods to find Roots

Factoring : not always easy!

Guessing : you may be lucky

If you substitute x=1, then youll find f(1)=0. Thus x=1 is one
of the roots! Can you find the remaining roots?

Other methods to find Roots

Graphing: it helps a lot

Zoom!

Possible roots:
about -1,
between 0 and 2

Closer inspection reveals two

roots between 0 and 2: at
x=1 and about 1.4

In this case, we can factor out the

equation: (x-1)(x2-2)=0

Other methods to find Roots

Numerical Ways!
When we need a very accurate results, then we can
employ numerical ways with the help of computer
programs. Many different algorithms exist, each has
its strengths and weaknesses. Those are: NewtonRhapson, Bisection, Secant etc.
We Will Learn this method later!

Angle : Unit of measurement

Angle is measured in radian and degree (). In calculus,
most frequently we use radian (rad). Rad is a real number.
DEFINITION of RADIAN
A

AB
(rad )
R

CONVERSION RAD Degree

2 (rad) = 360
Some special angles

0
30

0 rad
/6 rad

45

/4 rad

60

/3 rad

90

/2 rad

Trigonometric Functions
Y

Sin () = y/r
y

Cos () = x/r
Tan () = sin(x)/cos(x)
Ctan () = 1/tan(x)
Sec () = 1/cos(x)

P(x,y)
r

Cosec() = 1/sin(x)
Sin () and Cos () are periodic functions
with period 2. Which means:
Sin (+2) = Sin ()
Cos (+2) = Cos ()
Do you know the period of other
trigonometric functions?

Trigonometric Functions: graphs

Trigonometric Identities

See examples in textbook!

Exponential Function
F(x) = (b)x,
base

b>0
exponent

Typical shapes of Exponential Functions

The exponent may be : an integer, a rational

number or irrational number, thus a real number.

Converting to Exponential Form

Application : Exponential Growth

Initially there are 100 bacteria at a given site, and the population
doubles every hour. Call the population function P(t), where t
represents time (in hours) and start the clock running at time t = 0.
The initial population of 100 means that P(0) = 100. After 1 hour, the
population will double to 200, so that P(1) = 200. After another
hour, the population will have doubled again to 400, making P(2) = 400.
After a third hour, the population will have doubled again to 800,
making P(3) = 800 and so on. Can you find the general form of P(t)?
See the pattern: P(0)=100, P(1)= 200, P(2) = 400, P(3)= 800 etc,
Thus in general P(t) = 100 (2)t

Logarithm

As a consequence:

b log b x x, b 0

Example.
log10 10 = 1 (since 101 = 10),
log10 100 = 2 (since 102 = 100),
log10 1000 = 3 (since 103 = 1000)
Important bases:
log10(x)
loge (x) = ln (x), e= 2.718281828459.....

Properties of Log

Change of base, from b a:

Logb x= Logax/Logab

More Examples

Still More Examples

Change of base

Application: Decibel level (dB)

dB = 10 log10 (I/I0) where I0 =10-12 W/m2.

If (a) dB= 80 corresponds to intensity (I) level of:
80 = 10 log10 (I/I0)
log10 (I/I0) = 8
I/I0 = 108

Thus in term of intensity I is

100 000 000 stronger than I0

I = 108 I0 = 10-4 W/m2.

Transformation of functions

Composition of Functions

Shifting & Stretching A Graph

Stretching
vertically

Shift
downward