GTA 103/2 Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Pendengaran

dan
Pertuturan (Telinga dan Tekak)
( 2 hour)
25 February 2010

Dr Zuraida Zainun,
Audiology Program, School of Health Sciences
(PPSK), Health Campus USM
16150 Kubang Kerian
drzuraida@yahoo.com
Specific Objective
 At the end of this lecture, students should be able to;

Describe anatomically the skeletal and muscular structures of vestibular

system.

Peripheral Central

• Gross anatomy • Vestibular Nuclei

and Cerebellum
• Hair cells • Projection from
• Functional Principles vestibular nuclei
• Ascending &
Descending
Projections
http://www.vestibular.org/images/ear_diagram_lg.gif
 Anatomy
Vestibular system

• Inner ear organ

• Five sensory organs
1. Ant SCC
2. Post SCC
3. Lat SCC
4. Utricle
5. Saccule
Blood and nerves supply

• Blood supply- anterior

 cerebellar artery(45%),
superior cerebellar
artery (24%), or basilar
artery (16% )
• Superior canal, lateral
canal, utricle- Superior
vestibular nerve
• Posterior canal and
saccule- Inferior
vestibular nerve
Orientation

www.unmc.edu/Physiology/Mann/mann9.html
The inner ear organ- cross sectional

• Fluid
1- Endolymph ~
membranous
labyrinth
2- Perilymph ~ bony
labyrinth
• Vestibular hair cells
Anatomical view

• Posterior SCC-45 degrees of sagittal

plane
• Horizontal SCC-30 degree of naso-
occipital plane
• Utricle- horizontal plane
• Saccule-vertical plane

http://scienceblogs.com/afarensis/2006/05/16/bipedal_locomotion_and_semicir/
 The Peripheral
Vestibular System
The Peripheral Vestibular System

A - Semicircular canal
(ampulla is a sensory organ)

i)Anterior/ Superior
ii)Posterior
iii)Lateral/Horizontal

B - The Otolith Organs

(maculla is a sensory organ)

i) Utricle
ii) Saccule
The Labyrinthine Fluid
• The endolymph and the perilymph
• Not mix.
• Endolymph
 a unique ionic composition
 Na+ content is low
 K+ content is high
 Resemble intracellular rather than extracellular
fluid
 Produced by the dark cells of the cristae and
maculae, which are separated by a transitional zone
from the neuroepithelium
 Absorption of endolymph is the endolymphatic
sac, (connected to the utricle and saccule by means
of the endolymphatic, utricular, and saccular ducts)
 Studies of the obstruction of the endolymphatic
duct will lead to endolymphatic hydrops.
Cont…
• Perilymph
 Composition of perilymph equal to
extracellular fluid and cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
 The site of production is ? —it might be
an ultrafiltrate of blood, CSF, or both
 Perilymph leaves the ear by draining
through venules and through the middle
ear mucosa.
Vestibular hair cells
• Type 1 and 2.
• Type 1 ~ similar to inner hair cells of
the organ of Corti
• Type 2 ~ similar to outer hair cells of
the organ of Corti
 Vestibular hair cells

Type 1
Type 2
• Flash shape
• One calyx nerve ending
• Cylindrical
synapse with one or two • Multiple vestibular
to four hair cells nerve fibrers
• Afferent nerve fibres (multiple efferent
(the largest nerve
fibres(~20µm diameter)/ and afferent nerve
chalice-like vestibular synapses)
nerve fibre • Fast kinetics
• Slow kinetics
 Alignment of hair cells of SCC

• Horizontal SCC • Ant. SCC & Post.

-Kinocilium towards SCC
utricles -Kinocilium away
-Stimulated from utricles
utriculopetal(ampulo -Stimulated
petal) endolymph utriculofugal(ampulo
flow fugal) endolymph
flow
Alignment of hair cells of otolith
• Utricular maculae
-horizontal plane
-away from striola
-horizontal (side to side),
linear acceeration

• Saccular maculae
-vertical plane
-toward striola
-vertical (head to toe),
linear acceleration

www.medicine.mcgill.ca/.../Notes209.htm
Alignment of hair cells of Otolith organ
Bioelectric Events

• Angular
head
movement

Kinocilium
A- Semicircular canal

• SCC (Ant., Post & Lat.)

• Ampulla - sensory organ
1. neuroepithelium~ crista ampullaris
2. the cupula
3. supporting cells
4. connective tissue
5. blood vessels
6. nerve fibers
Ampulla
Semicircular canal
Semicircular canal
function:
• Detect any rotational
motions of our head
• Angular/roll/yaw
movement
• Dynamic equilibrium

http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/focus7/ep_structure.html
Rotational movements

ANGULAR
ROLL YAW
/PITCH

• Response according to head movement

‘relative to space and gravity, using inertial-
sensing receptors’
• Acceleration forces activation of vestibular
system

http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/focus7/ep_structure.html
Cont…

• Yaw- horizontal of a vertical plane (HSCC)

• Pitch/Angular- flex. & extension about a
vertical axis
• Roll- lateral head tilt about a horizontal axis
(Jaw with approx. to the shoulder)
http://www.egms.de/figures/journals/cto/2005-4/cto000011.f2.png
Cont…

http://www.tc.gc.ca/civilaviation/systemsafety/newsletters/tp202/2-04/images/069a.jpg
Cont..

Roll

Angular
/Pitch Yaw

http://www.americanflyers.net/aviationlibrary/instrument_flying_handbook/images/Chapters%201%20to%207_img_6.jpg
B - Otolith organ

http://www.neurocreative.net/sci-art/Vestibular_Otoliths.jpg
 Function of the otolith organ

• Linear
movement
• Gravitational
pull
• Maintain static
equilibrium

http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/focus7/ep_structure.html
Cont..

• Signals from hair cells

integrated spatially
• Both foreward,
afterward and lateral
acceleration of the
head
• Eye movement
resulting from
electrical stimulation
of otoliths
Vestibular organ function
• SCC- rotational motions of our head
• Utricle (horizontal) – ‘horizontal movement’
• Saccule (vertical)- ‘information of vertical
acceleration’. Once head tilts, up and down (in
an elevator), or moved forward and back
~ Otolith organs main for linear movement of
the head(12).
~ All the signal from utricle and saccule
incorporated together and received as
integrated signal about the movement (12).
http://www.mfi.ku.dk/ppaulev/chapter5/images/fp5-5.jpg