Sexual Violence in

Adolescents
Yudha Nurhantari
2010

 Tujuan
Memahami pengertian kekerasan fisik dan
seksual
Memahami kepentingan medikolegal
Memahami prosedur dan etika
pemeriksaan

Introduction
Sexual violence is a global problem
Majority: women men and children both
sexes
Negative impacts on health:
1. Reproductive and sexual health :
unwanted pregnancy, STI,HIV, adoption of
risky sexual behaviors

2. mental health serious-long lasting:

depression, substance abuse, post
traumatic stress disorder, suicide.

Sexual violence
a term covering a wide range of activities,
including rape/forced sex, indecent assault
and sexually obsessive behaviour
aware of the legal definitions of sexual
violence within their own jurisdiction the
age of consent and marriage.

Definition (Jewkes et al,2002)

any sexual act, attempt to obtain a
sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or
advances, or acts to traffic womens
sexuality, using coercion, threats of harm
or physical force, by any person
regardless of relationship to the victim.

False agreement to sexual

activity:
threats of physical violence,
- threats of withholding benefits (such as a
promotion at work or a good grade),
- psychological pressure or blackmail
unable to give consent: a mental disability
incapacitated due to the effects of alcohol
and/or drugs,

Men as victims of sexual

violence
Men most commonly experience sexual
violence in the form of :
receptive anal intercourse;
forced masturbation of the perpetrator;
receptive oral sex;
forced masturbation of the victim.

Sexual Offences
According to KUHP, coitus may occur
within (288)or non marital(284-287)
Within marital: injured or caused death to
the underage wife
TheMedico legal purpose/ evidence :
1. signs of coitus
2. signs of violence
3. estimation of age
4. marriage competence

Sign of coitus
Coitus is penis penetration (completely
or partially)into vagina.
The evidence are depends on :
1. size of the penis
2. degree of penetration
3. shape and elasticity of hymen
4. present and condition of ejaculate
5. position of coitus
6. time

Ejaculate
Detect the sperm the best evidence
Detect the component : P30, acid
phosphatase enzyme, kholin, spermin,
The absence of ejaculate :
1. no coitus
2. coitus without ejaculation
3. coitus using condom

Time Estimation
Sperm : 4-5 hrs post coital : sperm moves
24-36 hrs : no moves
Remains in the vagina of the dead
victims until 7-8 days
Wound aging.
Complete healing : 7-10 days

Signs of Violence
Bite marks, hematoma, abrasion
Mouth, lips, neck, breast, wriest, femur,
and genitalia
Need toxicological examination
chemical violence

Age estimation
KUHP art. 284 and 287 under 12 or
under 15 yo
physical development, secondary sexual
signs, teeth, bone, cranial suture fusion
Marrige competence
biology: menarche
law : 16 y.o.

Homosexual
a sexual offences under age (KUHP
292) or married history
Examination
1. Male : age estimation, ejaculate, anus
(funnel shape, m. sphincter ani relaxed).
2. Female : age, signs of genital
manipulation by hands or instrument

Assessment and examination

obtaining informed consent

A medical history
a top-to-toe physical examination
a detailed genito-anal examination
recording and classifying injuries
collection of indicated medical specimens
for diagnostic purposes

Informed consent
is a central issue in medico-legal matters
1.Examination, including examination of the genitalia and
anus.
2. Collection of specimens for medical investigations to
diagnose any medical problems.
3. Collection of specimens for criminal investigation.
4. Photography.
5. Providing a verbal and or written report to police or
other investigators.
6.Treatment of any identified medical conditions

medical history
Relevant medical/surgical/psychiatric
history
Relevant gynaecological history
Allergies
Medications/immunization status
History of offence from patients and
other parties
Current symptoms

describing wounds
consider: site, size, shape, surrounds,
colour, contours, course,contents, age,
borders and depth.

Wound classification
Abrasion: disruption of the outer layer of the
skin.
Bruise: an area of haemorrhage beneath the
skin.
Laceration: splitting or tearing of tissues
secondary to blunt trauma.
Incision: a cutting type of injury with (usually)
clear, regular margins.
Stab: a wound of greater depth than length,
produced by a sharp object.

Step 1
patients general appearance and demeanour.
Start with the patients hands; this will reassure
the patient.
Take the vital signs,
Inspect both sides of both hands for injuries.
Observe the wrists for signs of ligature marks.
Trace evidence may need to be collected (some
jurisdictions require fingernail scrapings).

Step 2
Inspect the forearms for defense injuries:
bruising, abrasions, lacerations or incised
wounds.
Any intravenous puncture sites should be
noted.

Step 3
The inner surfaces of the upper arms and
the armpit or axilla need to be carefully
observed for signs of bruising.
Victims who have been restrained by
hands often display fingertip bruising on
the upper arms .

Step 4
Inspect the face. Black eyes and the signs of
bleeding nose
The mouth should be inspected carefully,
checking for bruising, abrasions and lacerations
of buccal mucosa.
Petechiae on the hard/soft palate may indicate
penetration.
Check for a torn frenulum and broken teeth.
Collect an oral swab, if indicated.

Step 5
Inspect the ears and behind the ears, for
evidence of shadow bruising the ear has
been struck onto the scalp.
Use an otoscope to inspect the eardrum.

Step 6
Gentle palpation of the scalp may reveal
tenderness and swelling, suggestive of
haematomas.
Hair loss due to hair pulling during the assault
may cause large amounts of loose hair to be
collected in the gloved hands of the examiner;
alternatively, a gentle combing may recover any
loose hair.
Electrostatic forces can, however, cause large
amounts of loose hair to be retained in the head
until the patient next takes a shower or bath.

Step 7
Bruising on the neck can indicate a lifethreatening assault. Imprint bruising may
be seen from necklaces and other items of
jewellery on the ears and on the neck.
Suction-type bruising from bites should be
noted and swabbed for saliva before being
touched.

Step 8
The breasts and trunk should be examined with
as much dignity and privacy as can be afforded.
Investigate the presence injury.
Breasts are frequently a target of assault and
are often bitten and so may reveal evidence of
suction bruises or blunt trauma.
If the breasts are not examined, the reasons for
not doing so should be documented

Step 9
The patient can then be reclined for an
abdominal examination,
an inspection for bruising, abrasions,
lacerations and trace evidence.
Abdominal palpation should be performed
to exclude any internal trauma or to detect
pregnancy.

Step 10
Inner thighs are often the target of fingertip
bruising or blunt trauma (caused by knees).
There may be abrasions or lacerations to the
knee and the feet
It is important to inspect the ankles (and wrists)
very closely for signs of restraint with ligatures.
The soles of the feet should also be examined.

Step 11
Examine the buttocks and of the back of
the legs
evidence should be collected with
moistened swabs (for semen, saliva,
blood) or tweezers (for hair, fibres, grass,
soil).
Documented the presence of tattoo

 The use of Woods lamps to detect semen

on areas of skin where this is suspected is
no longer recommended clinical practice
do not fluoresce semen as well as
previously thought, and more reliable
methods of detecting semen (e.g. swabs)
should therefore be used

The genito-anal examination

in the lithotomy position
make the patient feel as comfortable and
as relaxed as possible

Genital examination
The external areas of the genital region and
anus should be examined, Inspect the mons
pubis.
The vaginal vestibule should be examined
paying special attention to the labia majora, labia
minora, clitoris, hymen or hymenal remnants,
posterior fourchette and perineum.
A swab of the external genitalia should be taken
before any digital exploration or speculum
examination is attempted

Step 2
If any bright blood is present, it should be
gently swabbed in order to establish
its origin, i.e. whether it is vulval or from
higher in the vagina.

Supporting examination
Seminal detection: P30,
Sperm detection

 collection of forensic specimens

labeling, packaging and transporting of
forensic specimens to maintain
the chain of custody of the evidence
therapeutic opportunities
arranging follow-up care
storage of documentation
provision of a medico-legal report

Ethical issues
Autonomy.The right of patients to make
decisions on their own behalf. All steps taken in
providing services are based on the informed
consent of the patient.
Beneficence. The duty or obligation to act in the
best interests of the patient.
Non-maleficence. The duty or obligation to avoid
harm to the patient.
Justice or fairness. Doing and giving what is
rightfully due.

Diagnostic tests, specimen

collection and forensic issues
The primary aim of a forensic examination
is to collect evidence that may help prove
or disprove a link between individuals
and/or between individuals and objects or
places.

 collect carefully, avoiding contamination;

collect specimens as early as possible; 72 hours
after the assault the value of evidentiary material
decreases dramatically;
label all specimens accurately;
dry all wet specimens;
ensure specimens are secure and tamper proof;
maintain continuity;
document details of all collection and handling
procedures.

Taking a blind vaginal swab

How to perform a swab of the

mouth for spermatozoa

 Documented all finding to the medical

record
Visum et Repertum projustia, written
evidence
Expert witness explain in the court

Infanticide

Tujuan

Memahami pengertian infanticide

Memahami kepentingan medikolegal
Memahami tujuan pemeriksaan
Memahami memperkirakan maturitas,
umur bayi/infant
Memahami perkiraan bayi lahir mati atau
hidup.

Infanticide
According to KUHP 341,342, 343
Is killing the infant by the mother
At or just after delivery
Afraid to be found out delivered a baby

The role of forensic pathologist

Assist in identifying the mother (if she is
unknown)
Estimate the maturity of the child
Establish whether the child was alive at
the time of birth
To determine the cause of death natural
or unnatural

Estimation of maturity
Full term (40 weeks gestation):
1. weight 2550-3360 g
2. crown-heel length 48-52 cm
3. Crown-rump length : 28-32 cm
4. Head circumference 33-38 cm
5. ossification centre in the lower end of
femur 6 mm I diameter
6. lanugo is absent, only over shoulder
7. head hair 2-3 cm long

 Testes are palpable in the scrotum; vulval

labia closes the vaginal opening
The umbilicus is midway between
xiphisternum and pubis
Dark meconium present in the large ints.
Haase (Crown-heel) and Streeter (Crowncoccigeus) rule

Age (month)

Haase

Streeter

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1x1=1
2x2=4
3x3=9
4x4=16
5x5=25
6x5=30
7x5=35
8x5=40
9x5=45
10x5=50

0,23
6,10
11,60
6,40
20,80
24,70
28,30
32,10
36,20

Was the child alive at birth ?

Hydrostatic test, floating the lungs in
water. Sink stillborn , float breathed
Collapsed alveoli had not breathed
Detection of air in the stomach
Problems: putrefaction, resuscitation

The cause of death

Natural : diseases, fatal abnormalities,
pre-immature age
Unnatural death:
1.Suffocation direct application to the
face to close the nose and mouth
2.Strangulation
3.Head injury: throwing, dashing
4.Drwoning
5.etc