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MOHD TAUFIK BIN JUSOH @ TAJUDIN
Basic Antenna Operation
Size of antenna is inversely proportional to frequency
Relatively small antenna can efficiently radiate high frequency
electromagnetic waves while low-frequency waves require relatively
large antennas.
Every antenna has directional characteristic and radiate more energy in
certain direction.
Directional characteristic of antennas are used to concentrate radiation in
desired direction or capture energy arriving from a particular direction.
Electromagnetic wave reception occurs in an antenna because the
Electromagnetic flux of the wave cuts across antenna conductor
therefore inducing a voltage into the conductor that varies with time.
(same manner)
The induced voltage represents energy that the antenna absorbs from the
passing wave
Basic Antenna Operation (cont)
Basic antenna operation is best understood by looking at the voltage
standing wave patterns on a transmission line, shown in figure below
D = antenna diameter
λ = wavelength
Where ;
Rr = radiation resistance (ohm)
Prad = power radiated by antenna(watts)
i = antenna current at the feedpoint (ampere)
Radiation Pattern (cont)
Antenna Efficiency
Is the ratio of the power radiated by an antenna to the sum of the
power radiated and the power dissipated
η=antenna efficiency
Prad=radiated power (watts)
Pin = input power (watts)=Prad + Pd
or the ratio of the power radiated by an antenna to the total input
power
Where;
Prad=radiated power (watts)
Pd = power dissipated in antenna (watts)
Radiation Pattern (cont)
Simplified equivalent circuit for an antenna, see Figure 4
Figure 4
Where ;
D = directivity (unitless)
P = power density at some point with a given antenna (watts/msqr)
Pref = power density at some point with a reference antenna (watts/msqr)
If the antenna is lossless, it radiates 100 % of the input power
For an isotropic reference, the power in dB of a half-wave
dipole is approximately 2.15 dB
Antenna Gain (cont)
Isotropic radiator is a sphere shape that radiates power equally
in all direction simultaneously.
Antennas do not increase the transmit power but shape of the
radiation field to lengthen or shorten the distance of the
propagated wave.
The higher the gain the farther the wave will travel
concentrating its output wave more tightly.
2 types of references
Isotropic antenna : gain is given in dBi
Half wave dipole antenna is given in dBd
Manufacturers often use dBi in their marketing (to show a
slightly higher gain)
Antenna Gain (cont)
Where;
Dt = transmit antenna directive gain (unitless)
EIRP also can be written using input power and power gain
as ;
Where;
At = transmit antenna power gain (unitless)
EIRP (cont)
Example 1
For a transmit antenna with power gain At = 10, and
an input power , Pin = 100Watt, determine;
a) EIRP in Watt , dBm, and dBW
b) Power density at a point 10 km from the transmit
antenna
c) Power density had an isotropic antenna been used with
the same input power an efficiency
Example 1 : Solution
a)
b)
Example 1 : Solution
c)
b)
c)
Example 2 : Solution
d)
Antenna Polarization
Polarization – the polarization of an antenna simply refers to the
orientation of the electric field radiated from it.
A radio wave is made of electric field and magnetic field which are
perpendicular to each other
The sum of the two fields is called electro-magnetic field
Energy is transferred back and forth from one field to the other in the
process known as oscillation
Polarization is the physical orientation of the antenna in a horizontal
or vertical position
Horizontal Polarization – electric field is parallel to the ground
Vertical Polarization – the electric field is perpendicular to the ground
Antennas that are not polarized in the same way are not able to
communicate with each other effectively
Polarization (Cont)
Figure 5
Antenna Beamwidth (cont)
Angle formed between points A, X, and B (angle θ) is
the beamwidth for the particular antenna.
Point A and B are half-power points and antenna
beamwidth is sometimes called -3 dB beamwidth or
half-power beamwidth.
Antenna gain is inversely proportional to beamwidth.
The higher gain the narrower beamwidth.
An omnidirectional (isotropic) radiates equally well in
all directions . It has a gain of unity and a beamwidth of
360 degree
Typical antenna beamwidths between 30 degdree and 60
degree
Antenna Bandwidth
Antenna Bandwidth – is vaguely defined as the
frequency range over which antenna operation is
“satisfactory”
Bandwidth is normally taken as the difference between
the half-power frequency (difference between the
highest and lowest frequencies of operation) but
sometimes refers to variations in the antenna’s input
impedance.
Bandwidth of antenna = half-power bandwidth
(HPBW)
Antenna bandwidth is often expressed as a percentage
of the antenna’s optimum frequency operation.
Example 3
Half-wave dipole
The linear half-wave dipole is one of the most widely used antennas at
frequencies above 2 MHz.
At frequency below 2 MHz, the physical length of a half-wavelength
antenna is prohibitive.
The half-wave dipole generally referred to as a “Hertz antenna” after
Heinrich Hertz
Figure 10 Broadside
antenna: (a) broadside
array; (b) radiation pattern
Other type of antennas array (cont)
End-fire array
Figure 11 End-fire antenna: (a) end-fire array; (b) radiation pattern (side view)
Other type of antennas array (cont)
Nonresonant Array : The Rhombic antenna
Ideal for HF transmission (range 3 MHz – 30 MHz)
Figure 14 Yagi-Uda
antenna: (a) three-
element Yagi; (b)
radiation pattern
Special –Purpose Antennas (cont)
Turnstile Antenna
Form by placing two dipoles at right angles to each other, 90 degree
out of phase
This will produce nearly omni-directional pattern
Gain can up more than 10 dB
Figure 21 Flexible
waveguide