Deductive and Inductive Thinking.

OR

Deductive and Inductive Research

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Deductive Thinking/Research:
Moving from general (broader generalization) to specific
observation.
Informally called as "top-down" approach.
Example:
Theory
Hypothesis
Model

Observation

Confirmation.

Inductive Thinking/Research:
Moving from specific observations to broader
generalizations and theories.
Informally, called as "bottom up" approach.
Example:
Observation
Hypothesis
Model
Confirmation
Theory.
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Theoretical/Conceptual
Framework

Theoretical Framework
Elements of Theory
1.
2.
3.
4.

Concepts
Variables
Statement
Format : Modeling Schemes

1. Concepts
It is a generalized idea or a mental
symbol about an object, attribute,
occurrence etc.

Concepts are the blocks from which

theories are built.
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The concepts of each of the following are

different, depending up on the context in
which it is being used and who is going to
use and where?

POWER

CHAIR

MARKET

INDUSTRY

2. Variable/s
When we move from conceptual to the empirical
level in research, concepts are converted into
VARIABLES by mapping them into a set of value.
It is a measurable characteristic, factor, element of
an individual, event or a system etc.
Example: Research related to the Job Turnover
Variables of Job Turnover will be:
Pay, Job satisfaction, labor market, number of
organizations, working environment, Facilities at
work, recognition etc
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Type of Variables.
a. Independent, b. Dependent
Example:
If some one works on JOB
SATISFACTION that are employees
satisfied from their job?.
Job satisfaction is dependent may be
on: Job Freedom, Salary, Future
chances, Facilities available etc.
Job Freedom, Salary, Future career,
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Facilities etc are independent

3. Statement
It is a Connection among concepts
which constitute a theory.

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4. Format

Model: It is a pattern, form,

template, set of rules, structure
or workings of an object, system,
or concept etc.

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Theory
Theory is generalization (not necessarily by all)
arrived after verification.

It is a sound set hypothesis, empirically verified

over a period of time and supported by considerable
evidences (not necessarily by all and everywhere).
In Science, a theory is a mathematical or logical
explanation, or a testable model.

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Why people commit crime?Why people marry?

Why men
are
lazy?

Why Girls
are shy?

How media affect us?Why people visit shrines?

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Why people commit crime?Why people marry?

Why men
are lazy?

Theory

Why Girls
are shy?

How media affect us?Why people visit shrines?

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Example of Theory:
Noise adversely affects the mental puzzle
solving.

Liberalization is the solution of Economy.

Women are Lazy.
Men are brave.
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Conceptual/Theoretical Framework.
It is collection of interrelated (to the topic)
ideas/concepts/theories but not necessarily so
well worked-out.
A Theoretical Framework guides your
research, determining what things you will
measure, and what statistical relationships
you will look for.

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Why Conceptual/Theoretical framework?

No matter how little you know about the topic, and how
unbiased you are, it is impossible for human being not to
have pre-conceived notions.
Some people fundamentally believe that:

People are basically lazy and untrustworthy.

Visiting Shrines is wastage of time.

If they conduct research on these issues, they have some
pre-conceived notions in their mind, hence they can not
remain neutral.
In this sense, you are always being guided by a theoretical
Framework to understand and use the ideas of others who
have done similar work.
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Components of TF
A. Inventory of variables.
B. Specifying the directions of relationships.
C. Explanation of these relationship.
D. Make an Inventory of proposition/plan/scheme
E. Arrange these propositions in sequential order.
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Components of Theoretical Framework :

Example:
Research Topic:
Joint Families in Pakistan during the Modern Era.
Research Question:
Trend of joint families in Pakistan and causes if decline
in their size?
Hypothesis:
In Pakistan, mainly in Cities, Joint Families decline in
their size.
conti:
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Conti:
1. Make an inventory of variables:
Identify the factors relevant to the RQ.
These factors can be named as concepts:
a. Education level of couple
b. Age of marriage
c. Exposure to media
d. Health Services
e. Awareness/Practice of Family Planning
f. Aspiration about the education of children
g. etc
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2. Specify the direction of relationships

Higher the edu , higher the age of marriage
Higher the edu of women, greater their chances
of being career women.
Higher the edu, more the rationalism.
Higher the edu, more selective the exposure to
media.
Higher the edu, more accessibility of health
services.
Higher the edu of parents, higher the aspiration
about their children edu.
Higher the edu of couples, higher their mobility
orientation.
Conti:

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Conti:

3. Explanation of these variables relationships

For getting higher education, youngsters have to
spend about 16 years of their life in edu
institutions. Let us say they complete their
education at the age of 22 years. After completing
they spend 2-3 years for establishing themselves.
During this period, they continue differing their
marriage. By the time they decide about their
marriage, they are about 25 years. Compare this
age of marriage with the 16 years age of marriage.
Obviously with this higher age of marriage, there
is a reduction in the reproductive period of
women. Similarly, we can develop logic in support
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of other proposed relationships

4. Make an inventory of proposition and arrange

them into order
When people get more edu so they marry late.
If they marry late, there are the chances of reduction in the
reproductive system
When they are educated, they give birth to lesser children
etc. In that case we can say that the size of family is
affected by education.
Theory:
1. Educated people have small size of family.

2. Educated people with smaller children have happy life.

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Research topic:
Voluntary Job Turnover.
Home Assignment on:
1. Develop a RQ?
2. Make inventory of variables/concepts
3. Specify directions of relationships
4. Give clear explanation of these variables
relations.
5. Make an inventory of proposition/plan/scheme
and arrange them into order
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