DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Design should address: UNDERSTRENGTH

OVERLOAD
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Plastic Design (Collapse Design)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Required
Strength

Available Strength
(Nominal Resistance)

Allowable Stress Design (ASD) - AISCS 1923

Philosophy: Maximum stress must not exceed
allowable stress

Fmax
Fmax
Fall
F.S.
Flim

Flim
Fall
F .S .

: maximum stresses due to working loads

: allowable stresses
: Factor of Safety > 1 (understrength)
: Limit of Usefulness (Fy Fu Fcr etc)

Can be expressed in terms of Strength

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Comments

Real Safety Against Failure is Unknown

Conservative
One Load Factor for All Load Types

Plastic Design (PD) - AISCS 1963

Takes Advantage of Ductility and Ultimate Strength
Philosophy: Limit of Structural Usefulness is
load Pu that causes a plastic
mechanism to form

( L.F .) Pw Pu
Failure Load
Reaches failure under factored loads but safe under service loads

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986

Makes full use of test information, design experience,
engineering judgment
Probabilistic Analysis

Limit State: Describe a condition at which a structure or

part of it ceases to perform the intended
function

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986

Typical Strength Limit States
Plastic Strengths
Buckling
Fracture
Fatigue
Overturning
Typical Serviceability Limit States (under normal service loads)
Excessive Deflections
Slipping
Vibrations
Cracking
Deterioration

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986

For Each Limit State LRFD Satisfies

Q
i

Rn
Qi

Rn

: nominal resistance
: applied loads
: resistance factor < 1 (understrength)
: load factor > 1 (overload)

AISC Manual
AISC Specification
Design Aids
Catalog of most widely available structural shapes

Editions 1-9 ->ASD

Editions 10, 11, 12 -> LRFD Edition 1, 2, 3
Current Edition 13 incorporates ASD and LRFD

AISC Manual

Part 1 Dimensions and Properties

Part 2 General Design Considerations
Part 3 Design of Flexural members
Part 4 Design of Compression Members
Part 5 Design of Tension Members
Part 6 Design of Members Subject to Combined Loading
Parts 7 to 15 Connections
Part 16 Specifications and Codes
Part 17 Misc. Data and Mathematical Information

AISC Specifications (PART 16 of Manual)

Main Body
Alphabetically organized to chapters A-M
Major Headings labeled with chapter designation followed by number
Further subdivisions are numerically labeled

Appendices
Appendices 1-7

Commentary
Background and elaboration on provisions of the Specification.
Organized in the same way as the specification

Design Requirements
Specifications - Chapter B
B1 General Provisions
B2 Loads and Load Combinations (LRFD or ASD)
Applicable building codes
In the absence use SEI/ASCE 7

B3 Design Basis
B3.1 Required Strength: Required strength determined by structural analysis
based on load combinations
B3.2 Limit State: No applicable strength or serviceability limit state shall be
exceeded when structure subjected to all load combinations
B3.3 Design for Strength Using LRFD
B3.4 Design for Strength Using ASD
B3.5 Design for Stability
etc

Design for Strength

ASD
Fmax Fall

LRFD
Flim

F .S .

Rn
Ra

Qi Rn

Ru Rn

Load Combinations - LRFD

Manual Part 2 page 2-8 for LRFD

Load Combinations - ASD

Manual Part 2 page 2-9 for ASD

Resistance Factors (Manual pp. 2-9)

LRFD
=0.9 for limit states involving yielding
=0.75 for limit states involving
rupture
ASD
=1.67 for limit states involving yielding
=2.0 for limit states involving rupture

LRFD Probabilistic Approach

Structural Safety: Acceptably small probability of Q (demand) exceeding R (resistance)

Load and Resistance Factors assure that probability is negligibly small

LRFD - Design Criteria

R Q 0

ln Rm Qm
V V
2
R

2
Q

R
1,
Q

R
0
Q

ln

, V (standard deviation/mean)

LRFD - Design Criteria

: Safety Index or reliability index
The larger the safer

LRFD - Design Criteria

For Example

Rm 0.55 VR

e
Rn

EXAMPLES

Example I
A floor system has W24x55 sections spaced 8 ft on center supporting a dead load 50 psf and
live load 80 psf. The W sections are simply supported. Determine nominal moment capacity

4
8
4

Example II