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First Nanofluids
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www.kostic.niu.edu
Nanofluids:
Suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids
Size does matter: unique transport properties,
different from conventional suspensions:
do not settle under gravity, do not block flow, etc
nanofluids applications
Advanced, hybrid nanofluids:
Heat-transfer nanofluids
Tribological nanofluids
Surfactant and Coating nanofluids
Chemical nanofluids
Process/Extraction nanofluids
Environmental (pollution cleaning) nanofluids
Bio- and Pharmaceutical-nanofluids
Medical nanofluids
(drug delivery and functional tissue-cell interaction)
Background
Need for Advanced Flow and Heat-Transfer
Fluids and Other Critical Applications
Concept of Nanofluids
Materials for Nanoparticles and Base Fluids
Methods for Producing
Nanoparticles/Nanofluids
Characterization of Nanoparticles and
Nanofluids
Thermo-Physical Properties
Flow and Heat-Transfer Characterization
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Concept of Nanofluids
2500
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1500
1000
1-Engine Oil
2-Ethylene Glycol
3-Water
4-Alumina
5-Silicon
6-Aluminum
7-Copper
8-Silver
9-Carbon
500
0.15
0.25
0.61
Material
10 m
1m
0.1 m
1 cm
1 mm
100 m
10 m
1 m
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm
Laptop Computer
Sensors
Microchannel
Bacteria
Viruses/ NPs
Small molecules
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Furthermore, the surface area per unit volume of nanoparticles is much larger
(million times) than that of microparticles (the number of surface atoms per unit of
interior atoms of nanoparticles, is very large).
These properties can be utilized to develop stable suspensions with enhanced flow,
heat-transfer, and other characteristics
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10
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Production of Copper
Nanofluids
Nanofluids with copper
ResistivelyHeated
Crucible
Liquid
CoolingSystem
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Insulated and
vertically-adjustable boat-heater
evaporator
Nitrogen
cooling plate with coils and fins
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Dispersion Experiments
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These characteristic features of nanofluids make them suitable for the next
generation of flow and heat-transfer fluids.
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0.8
1.2
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Temperature-Dependent
Conductivity
1 .3
A l 2 O 3 (1 % )
A l 2 O 3 (4 % )
1 .2 5
1 .2
1 .1 5
1 .1
1 .0 5
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
T e m p e ra tu re (
C)
Nanofluid Structure
Nanolayer-Dependent
Conductivity
A three- to eight-fold increase in the
thermal conductivity of nanofluids
compared to the enhancement without
considering the nanolayer occurs when
nanoparticles are smaller than r = 5 nm.
However, for large particles (r >> h), the
nanolayer impact is small.
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m
a
l
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e
d
c
o
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d
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c
t
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v
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t
y
(
k
/
k
)
Water Cu
1.8
(6nm )
1.6
1.4
Water Al 2O3
(38.4nm )
1.2
1.0
300
305
310
315
320
325
Temperature (K)
Temperature-dependent thermal
conductivities of nanofluids at a fixed
concentration of 1 vol.%, normalized
to the thermal conductivity of the
base fluid.
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