Exergy

A Measure of Work Potential

Exergy

Property
Availability or available work
Work = f(initial state, process path, final state)

Exergy

Dead State

When system is in thermodynamic

equilibrium with the environment
Same temperature and pressure as
surroundings, no kinetic or potential
energy, chemically inert, no unbalanced
electrical, magnetic, etc effects

Exergy

Exergy

Useful work
Upper limit on the amount of work a
device can deliver without violating any
thermodynamic law.
(always a difference between exergy and
actual work delivered by a device)

Exergy associated with Kinetic and

Potential Energy

Kinetic energy

Form of mechanical energy

Can be converted to work entirely
xke = ke = vel2 /2 (kJ/kg)

Exergy associated with Kinetic and

Potential Energy

Potential Energy

Form of mechanical energy

Can be converted entirely into work
xpe = pe = gz
(kJ/kg)

All ke and pe available for work

Reversible Work and Irreversibility

Exergy

Work potential for deferent systems

System operating between high temp and
dead state

Isentropic efficiencies

Exit conditions differ

Reversible Work and Irreversibility

Reversible Work
Irreversibility (exergy destruction)
Surroundings Work

Work done against the surroundings

For moveable boundary

Wsurr = P0(V2 V1)

Wuseful = W Wsurr = W - P0(V2 V1)

Reversible Work and Irreversibility

Reversible Work, Wrev

Max amount of useful work produced
Min amount of work that needs to be
supplied
between initial and final states of a process
Occurs when process is totally reversible
If final state is dead state = exergy

Reversible Work and Irreversibility

Difference between reversible work

and useful work is called irreversibility
Wrev Wuseful = I
Irreversibility is equal to the exergy
destroyed
Totally reversible process, I = 0
I, a positive quantity for actual,
irreversible processes

2nd Law Efficiency

Second Law Efficiency, II

Ratio of thermal efficiency and

reversible (maximum) thermal
efficiency
II = th/th, rev

Or II = Wu/Wrev

Can not exceed 100%

2nd Law Efficiency

For work consuming devices

For II = Wrev/Wu

In terms of COP

II = COP/COPrev

General definition

= exergy recovered/exergy supplied

= 1 exergy destroyed/exergy supplied

Exergy change of a system

Property
Work potential in specific environment
Max amount of useful work when
brought into equilibrium with
environment
Depends on state of system and state
of the environment

Exergy change of a system

Look at thermo-mechanical exergy

Leave out chemical & mixing
Not address ke and pe

Exergy of fixed mass

Non-flow, closed system

Internal energy, u

Sensible, latent, nuclear, chemical

Look at only sensible & latent energy

Can be transferred across boundary
only when temperature difference
exists

Exergy of fixed mass

2nd law: not all heat can be turned into

work
Work potential of internal energy is
less than the value of internal energy
Wuseful= (U-U0)+P0(V V0)T0(S S0)
X = (U-U0)+P0(V V0)T0(S S0)
+mVel2+mgz

Exergy of fixed mass

= (u-u0)+P0(v-v0)-T0(s-s0)+Vel2+gz

or = (e-e0)+P0(v-v0)-T0(s-s0)

Note that = 0 at dead state

For closes system

X = m(2-1) = (E2-E1)+P0(V2-V1)-T0(S2S1)+m(Vel22-Vel12)+mg(z2-z1)

= (2-1) = (e2-e1)+P0(v2-v1)-T0(s2-s1) for a

stationary system the ke & pe terms drop out.

Exergy of fixed mass

When properties are not uniform, exergy

can be determined by integration:

X m dV
V

Exergy of fixed mass

If the state of system or the state of the

environment do not change, the exergy does
not change
Exergy change of steady flow devices,
nozzles, compressors, turbines, pumps, heat
exchangers; is zero during steady operation.
Exergy of a closed system is either positive
or zero

Exergy of a flow stream

Flow Exergy

Energy needed to maintain flow in pipe

wflow = Pv where v is specific volume
Exergy of flow work = exergy of boundary
work in excess of work done against
atom pressure (P0) to displace it by a
volume v, so
x = Pv-P0v = (P-P0)v

Exergy of a flow stream

Giving the flow exergy the symbol

Flow exergy
=(h-h0)-T0(s-s0)+Vel2+gz

Change in flow exergy from state 1 to

state 2 is = (h2-h1)-T0(s2-s1)+
(Vel22 Vel12) +g(z2-z1)

Fig 7-23

Exergy transfer by heat, work, and

mass

Like energy, can be transferred in

three forms
Heat
Work
Mass
Recognized at system boundary
With closed system, only heat & work

Exergy transfer by heat, work, and

mass

By heat transfer:

Fig 7-26

Xheat =(1-T0/T)Q
When T not constant, then
=(1-T0/T)Q

Fig 7-27

Heat transfer Q at a location at temperature T

is always accompanied by an entropy
transfer in the amount of Q/T, and exergy
transfer in the amount of (1-T0/T)Q

Xheat

Exergy transfer by heat, work, and

mass

Exergy transfer by work

Xwork = W Wsurr (for boundary work)

Xwork = W

Where Wwork = P0(V2-V1)

(for all other forms of work)

Exergy transfer by heat, work, and

mass

Exergy transfer by mass

Mass contains exergy as well as energy
and entropy
X=m =m[(h-h0)-T0(s-s0)+Vel2+gz]
When properties change during a process
then

Vel dA
X
mass

Ac

mass

dt

mass

Exergy transfer by heat, work, and

mass

For adiabatic systems, Xheat = 0

For closed systems, Xmass = 0

For isolated systems, no heat, work, or

mass transfer, Xtotal = 0

Decrease of Exergy Principle

Conservation of Energy principle:

energy can neither be created nor
destroyed (1st law)
Increase of Entropy principle: entropy
can be created but not destroyed (2 nd
law)

Decrease of Exergy Principle

Another statement of the 2nd Law of

Thermodynamics is the Decrease of
Exergy Principle

Fig 7-30

For an isolated system

Energy balance Ein Eout = Esystem

0
= E2 E1
Entropy balance Sin Sout +Sgen =Ssystem
Sgen =S2 S1

Decrease of Exergy Principle

Working with 0 = E2 E1 and

Sgen= S2 S1

Multiply second and subtract from first

-T0Sgen = E2 E1 -T0(S2 S1)

Use

X2X1 =(E2-E1)+P0(V2-V1)-T0(S2-S1)

since V1 = V2 the P term =0

Decrease of Exergy Principle

Combining we get

-T0Sgen= (X2X1) 0

Since T is the absolute temperature of

the environment T>0, Sgen 0, so
T0Sgen0 so

Xisolated = (X2X1)isolated 0

Decrease of Exergy Principle

The decrease in Exergy principle is for

an isolated system during a process
exergy will at best remain constant
(ideal, reversible case) or decrease. It
will never increase.
For an isolated system, the decrease
in exergy equals the energy destroyed