Penggunaan hewan coba

ETHICS IN ANIMAL RESEARCH

International Guiding Principles

for Biomedical Research Involving Animal
Bagian 1 : Prinsip-prinsip dasar Pedoman Internasional

untuk Penelitian Biomedik yang Berhubungan

dengan Hewan (ICPBRIA)
Bagian 2 : Ketentuan-ketentuan khusus
Bagian 3 : Pemantauan pemeliharaan dan penggunaan

hewan untuk penelitian

Bagian 4 : Alternatif dari penelitian pada hewan vertebrata

utuh

1. Prinsip-prinsip Dasar
Pertimbangkan relevansinya terhadap kesehatan manusia atau hewan

dan kemajuan ilmu biologi/kesehatan

Pilih hewan dari jenis/spesies dan kualitas yg sesuai dan jumlah

minimum yg diperlukan u/ memperoleh hasil ilmiah yg valid

Perlakukan hewan percobaan sbg makhluk yg mempunyai perasaan

hindari rasa tidak nyaman, tertekan (distress) dan rasa sakit

Prosedur pembedahan atau proses-proses yang menyakitkan lain,

tidak boleh dilakukan pada hewan yg tidak dianastesi

Hewan-2 yang selama percobaan menderita sakit hebat/berat atau

kronis, tertekan, tidak nyaman, tidak berdaya (cacat) atau dimatikan,

dimatikan dengan cara yang etis, tanpa rasa sakit
Setelah mati, hewan-2 percobaan juga harus diperlakukan secara etis

2. Ketentuan-ketentuan khusus
Cara
Cara mendapatkan
mendapatkan hewan
hewan percobaan
percobaan

Kriteria
Kriteria jelas
jelas : Spesies,
Spesies, galur, inbred/outbred
Cara
Cara transportasi
transportasi
Pemeliharaan
Pemeliharaan ::
Perkandangan
Perkandangan :: alokasi
alokasi ruang/kandang
ruang/kandang yang cukup, perlindungan
thdp
thdp predator,
predator, fasilitas
fasilitas utk
utk karantina
karantina // isolasi
Kondisi
Pathogen
((Specific
Kondisi lingkungan:
lingkungan: SPF
SPF (Specific
Pathogen Free
Free),
), kelembaban,
kelembaban,
(
suhu,
suhu, ventilasi,
ventilasi, interaksi
interaksi sosial,
sosial, bau,
bau, kebisingan,
kebisingan, pembuangan
pembuangan
sampah/kotoran
sampah/kotoran dll.
dll.
Makanan
Makanan :: jumlah
jumlah dan mutu
mutu makanan dan air minum
minum yg cukup
Pemeliharaan
Pemeliharaan veteriner
veteriner : dokter hewan, yg sakit harus dirawat
dirawat
Dimatikan
Dimatikan dengan
dengan cara
cara etis
etis
Pencatatan
Pencatatan
Marker/kodefikasi,
Marker/kodefikasi, sensus,
sensus, status

3. Pemantauan pemeliharaan dan penggunaan

hewan untuk penelitian
Prinsip,
Prinsip, kriteria
kriteria dan prosedur pemantauan
pemantauan bertujuan utk

Menghindarkan
Menghindarkan penggunaan hewan coba secara
secara tidak pantas
atau
atau berlebihan
berlebihan

Mencegah
Mencegah perlakuan
perlakuan yang
yang kejam, sebelum, selama dan
dan
sesudah
sesudah percobaan
percobaan

Dapat
Dapat dibuat
dibuat peraturan
peraturan perundang-undangan khusus mengenai

standar
standar pemeliharaan
pemeliharaan dan
dan penggunaan
penggunaan hewan
hewan coba
coba
Ada
Ada Panitia
Panitia Penilai
Penilai khusus
khusus
Sistem
Sistem &
& standar
standar pemantauan
pemantauan dpt
dpt bervariasi:
bervariasi:

Undang-undang
Undang-undang

Peraturan
Peraturan institusi/kesepakatan
institusi/kesepakatan

4. Alternatif dari penelitian pada hewan

vertebrata utuh
Teknologi apa saja yg dpt menggantikan penggunaan vertebrata utuh:
Teknik Simulasi komputer : biasanya pada tahap pra eksperimen
Pengetahuan tentang struktur kimia dari bahan terapeutik atau
dignostik tertentu dgn menggunakan analisis kimia fisik atau
immunologik sebagau gantu hewan coba
Alternatif biologik : kultur sel belum dapat menggantikan secara
menyeluruh
Penelitian epidemiogik retrospektif/prospektif pada populasi manusia
cara yang penting untuk menunjukkan hubungan kausal

Refinement

Freedom from Hunger and Thirst

All animals deserve access to readily available fresh water and

a well balanced, nutritious diet. Freedom from hunger and thirst

provides for an animals most basic needs by allowing that
animal to remain in good health and full of vitality. It may seem
like a nobrainer, but this freedom is more than just food and
water. Its the right kind of food and the proper amounts of food
and water that often make adifference in an animals health.

Freedom from Discomfort

All animals should inhabit an appropriate environment. The

conditions and surroundings afforded an animal contribute

greatly to its overall wellbeing. By providing an animal with
shelter and a comfortable resting area, you are ensuring that the
animal remains healthy and content.

Freedom to Express Normal Behaviour

All animals should be allowed to express normal behaviours. A

normal behaviour is the manner in which an animal conducts itself
in its natural environment. Sufficient space, proper facilities and
company of the animals own kind will encourage the expression of
normal behaviours.

Freedom from Fear and Distress

All animals deserve to enjoy a positive psychological state.

Ensuring conditions that avoid unnecessary anxiety and stress

will help to provide freedom from mental suffering. While
favourable physical conditions are important, appropriate mental
conditions are also essential to good animal welfare.

Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease

All animals should be entitled to immediate veterinary attention

when sick or injured. To avoid unnecessary suffering, animals

should be provided with rapid diagnosis and treatment. In
addition to treatment, pain, injury and disease can also be
prevented though proactive measures like regular visits to a
veterinarian and close observation.

KEY POINTS :

ANY QUESTIONS?

ETHICS
ETHICS IN
IN
WRITING
WRITING AND
AND PUBLISHING
PUBLISHING
SCIENTIFIC
SCIENTIFIC PAPER
PAPER

General Objectives
Understanding the integrity of researcher
Understanding the rules of writing and publishing scientific

reports

Specific objectives
What plagiarism is and how to avoid it
What the conflict of interest is
Publishing scientific report and data owner
Basic and common rules in publication

END OF RESEARCH PROCESS

- Reporting Research Result
- Publishing Result of the Research
. Seminar
. Conference
. Congress
* Scientific Journals
( Francis L. Macrina, 1995; ICMJE, 1994, 1997)

QUALIFIED RESEARCH?

Fulfill scientific and ethical requirements

Exact time
Useful
Qualified man power
High integrity

HOW IS THE FACT???

INTEGRITY ?
MORAL
MORAL VALUE
VALUE
IMAGE
IMAGE OF
OF SOLID
SOLID MORAL
MORAL PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES

RESEARCHERS INTEGRITY
** MORALLY
MORALLY UPRIGHT
UPRIGHT (Bermoral
(Bermoral tinggi)
tinggi)

**
**

HONEST
HONEST (Berperilaku
(Berperilaku baik
baik dan
dan jujur)
jujur)
FAIR
FAIR (Adil)
(Adil)

** SINCERE
SINCERE (Bekerja
Bekerja dgn
dgn sepenuh
sepenuh hati
hati &
& bertanggung
bertanggung jawab)
jawab)
(( Francis
Francis L.
L. Macrina,
Macrina, 1995
1995 ;; ICMJE,
ICMJE, 1997
1997 ))

,,,
,,,

Plagiarism
The most frequent ethical violence in writing scientific paper

Why?
Does not understand what plagiarism is unconscious

plagiarisms
Moral true ethical violence

Individual taking the easiest way

Un-respect to others

Students
Junior researchers
Senior researchers

What is Plagiarism?
PLAGIARIUS (Greek)

stealing paper stealing an idea in scientific writing

Deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words,

thoughts, or ideas as ones own without attribution in

connection with submission of academic work, whether
graded or otherwise
(Instrument of Student Judicial Governance, Section II.B.1)

Ilmuwan Indonesia Lakukan Plagiarisme

(Kompas, Rabu, 18 Desember 2002)
dalam dua tahun terakhir Universitas Indonesia (UI) telah

menindak tiga orang pengajar tetapnya karena kasus plagiat.

di Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta. Pernah

ditemukan tesis Master hasil jiplakan dari skripsi mahasiswa.

Tesis itu dinyatakan lulus dengan sangat memuaskan,
sedangkan skripsi mahasiswa yang dijiplak hanya mendapat
nilai C.
Rapat Senat UGM pernah memutuskan untuk membatalkan

gelar "doktor" Drs SS MS karena kasus plagiat, Februari

2000.

What are included Plagiarisms?

Taking idea or data from another without mentioning the source

Data, picture, table : a part or whole

Idea : (a part or whole sentence)
research proposal using another persons idea
duplication of research that has been already done

Re-publication of paper without un-valuable changes

Falsification

- changing or making report with non real data

- repeat doing research until getting the wanted data or result
(Francis L. Macrina, 1995 ; Leonardo de Castro, 2001)

Is it Plagiarism?
You read:
Nineteen percent of
full-time freshmen say
they spend only 1 to 5
hours per week
preparing for classes
From: Young, Jeffrey R.
Homework? What Homework?
Chronicle of Higher Education, 49
(15).12/6/2002.

YES! You need to use

quotes and to cite your
source

You write:
Nineteen percent of fulltime freshmen say they
spend only 1 to 5 hours
per week preparing for
classes.

Is it Plagiarism?
You read:
"Students are studying about
one-third as much as faculty
say they ought to, to do well,"
said George D. Kuh, director
of the survey and a professor
of higher education at Indiana
University at Bloomington.
From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What
Homework? Chronicle of Higher Education, 49
(15).12/6/2002

Yes! You must

credit your source
if you paraphrase
text.

You write:
Most students spend
about one-third as
much time studying as
faculty say they should.

Is it Plagiarism?

No. As long as you have

included the Young
article in your reference
list, you have properly
cited your source.

You read:
"Students are studying about onethird as much as faculty say they
ought to, to do well," said George
D. Kuh, director of the survey and
a professor of higher education at
Indiana University at Bloomington.
From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework?
What Homework? Chronicle of Higher
Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002

You write:
According to George D.
Kuh, Indiana University at
Bloomington, students
study about one-third of
the time that is expected
by faculty. (Young, 2002)

Is it Plagiarism?
You read:
The tip given most
consistently by professors
and college officials is that
students should simply do
their homework. The most
commonly prescribed amount
is at least two hours of class
preparation for every hour
spent in the classroom
From: Young, Jeffrey R. Homework? What
Homework? Chronicle of Higher
Education, 49 (15).12/6/2002

No. Commonly known

facts or ideas do not have
to be cited. (Can you find
this information in at least
five sources?)

You write:
College students should
do their homework.

Is it Plagiarism?
You find:

Gray wolf (Canis lupus).

Jeff Lepore/Photo Researchers
Wolf. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved March 31,
2004, from Encyclopdia Britannica Online.
<http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=79400>

Yes! You need to credit the

source of images and
other media as well as
text.

Your title page:

Should we or
shouldnt we
protect the gray
wolf?
By Ima Lamb
Eng 110
Apr. 1, 2004

Conflict of interest
Some interests that may influence research process
Financial support/sponsor
Scientific
Academic
Institutional
Reviewer
Researcher

Data owner
Intelectual property
Problems :

Who is the Principal Investigator?

Who has the idea?
Funding/financial support
Related Institution

AUTHOR
Author = Principal Investigator

Person who has substantial contribution in planning,

conducting the research and reporting the result

Sequencing of authors

Author/Principal Investigator : who has substantial contribution

from the beginning until the interpretation of data and writing
the draft of paper
Co-authors (second, third etc) : depend on their contribution
Do not list other persons name without his/her permission

Aknowledgement
To whom that gave substantial support in the research
Experts or consultants who gave valuable advice in doing

the research or even writing the result

Sponsor or financial supporter
Do not be overacting!!

.. this research is impossible to be finished

without his very important role and advice, .

Basic and common rules in

publication
Originality

Main idea
Conclusion is made from several others idea or
his own

Citation

Source should be mentioned

Follow instruction to authors of the journal
Not mentioning the source of citation un-ethical
(Aryatmo Tjokronegoro, 1996, Atmadja S Djaja, 2000)

References
Agtini MD. 2005. Integritas peneliti. Modul Pelatihan Etik Penelitian
Kesehatan. Depkes RI. 26-29 September 2005
Arjatmo H. Tjokronegoro. Pengantar dasar-dasar penulisan makalah
ilmiah. Disampaikan pada The second annual Jakarta international
epidemiology course for clinicians, Jakarta, November 25 -December
6, 1996.
Atmadja S. Djaja. Penulisan nama pengarang cara sitasi dan daftar
pustaka. Disampaikan pada simposium dan pelatihan penulisan
makalah ilmiah kedokteran, Jakarta, 21 22 Maret, 2000
Francis L. Macrina, editor. Scientific integrity. Washington, D.C. ASM
Press, 1995
International committee of medical journal editors. Uniform requirements
for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals, and suplemental
statements from the international committee medical journal editors. N
Engl J Med 1994 : 1-21, 25-42

International committee of medical journal editors. Uniform requirements for

manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. N Engl J Med 1997;
336(4): 309-15.
Leonardo de Castro. Relationship between advisor/student. Authorship and
publications. Research integrity. Plagiarism. Presented at the
International course on research ethics, Bangkok, July 30 August 3,
2001
Smith JB and Mangkoewidjojo S, 1987. The Care, Breeding and
Management of Experimental Animal for Research in Tropics.
International Developmental Program, Australian Universities and
Colleges, Canberra.
Sulaksono EM. 2003. Etik Penggunaan Hewan Percobaan dalam Penelitian.
Modul VI - Pelatihan Etik Penelitian Kesehatan, Bogor, 6-7 Okt. 2003
Wiradi G. Etika penulisan karya ilmiah: Beberapa prinsip dasar. Bandung:
Yayasan Akatiga; 1996.

PROSEDUR PENGAJUAN EC
USULAN E.C

SEKRETARIAT

PROPOSAL
(KOMISI ILMIAH)

TDK LENGKAP
PENELITI

CEK KELENGKAPAN
BERKAS

LENGKAP
Ka. K.E/Koord.

PERBAIKAN/
KEKURANGAN

DISEMINARKAN

PROSES
ETHICAL REVIEW

DITOLAK

DITERIMA

E.C DITERBITKAN

PROSES ETHICAL REVIEW

BERKAS LENGKAP

SEKRETARIAT

Ka. K.E/Koord. Divisi

PROSES
ETHICAL REVIEW

Low risk

Review propsal
o/ anggota ttt.

Diterima
E.C DITERBITKAN

High risk

Rpt. Anggota &

presentasi

Ditolak

Khusus

Rpt. Anggota &

presentasi

Diperbaiki

Thankyou